ctf corrupted pngctf corrupted png

Much joy. pngcheck -v mystery_solved_v1.png Challenges incorporate several hacking skills such as web exploitation, reverse engineering, cryptography, and steganography. Many hex-editors also offer the ability to copy bytes and paste them as a new file, so you don't need to study the offsets. The libmagic libary is the basis for the file command. zlib: deflated, 32K window, fast compression According to the [PNG specs], the first 8 bytes of the file are constant, so let's go ahead and fix that: After the header come a series of chunks. Understand the technical background of online image compression tools and learn which image compressor you should use from now on. CTF writeups, Corrupted Disk. ## Hint magick identify is a tool from ImageMagick. Prouvez-lui le contraire en investiguant. Running the file command reveals the following: mrkmety@kali:~$ file solitaire.exe solitaire.exe: PNG image data, 640 x 449, 8-bit/color RGBA, non-interlaced. Subscribe to our weekly newsletter for the coolest infosec updates: https://weekly.infosecwriteups.com/, Cybersecurity Enthusiast | Cloud Security & Information Protection @ Boeing | Trying to pass on knowledge to others | www.thecyberblog.com. E N 4`| You may need to convert a file from PCAPNG to PCAP using Wireshark or another compatible tool, in order to work with it in some other tools. Audacity can also enable you to slow down, reverse, and do other manipulations that might reveal a hidden message if you suspect there is one (if you can hear garbled audio, interference, or static). Paste a Base64 Data URI from your clipboard into this website. For everything else, there's TestDisk: recover missing partition tables, fix corrupted ones, undelete files on FAT or NTFS, etc. PDF is an extremely complicated document file format, with enough tricks and hiding places to write about for years. Statement Gimp is also good for confirming whether something really is an image file: for instance, when you believe you have recovered image data from a display buffer in a memory dump or elsewhere, but you lack the image file header that specifies pixel format, image height and width and so on. So, we ran file on the challenge file: The file was, in fact, corrupted since it wasnt recognized as a PNG image. ### File check the header format has the hint says and edit the header format After that try to open the file and see what goes on, After that you can use the gif speed control online and slow the speed of the encoded message and finally your get the message but being encoded. The file command is used to determine the file type of a file. It would be wasteful to transmit actual sequences of 101010101, so the data is first encoded using one of a variety of methods. |Hexa Values|Ascii Translation| Always read the challenge description carefully!!! Stellar Repair for Photo Creator: 2phi, SharkyCTF 2020 - [Forensic] Pain In The Ass (200pts) Information# Version# By Version Comment noraj 1.0 Creation CTF# Name : IceCTF 2016 Website : https://icec.tf/ Type : Online Format : Jeopardy CTF Time : link Description# We intercepted t. Linux; Security; . byte 2: X movement. After this change, I run again pngcheck : This online WebP image compressor for professionals compresses your image and photos to the smallest filesize possible. Filetypes, as a concept for users, have historically been indicated either with filetype extensions (e.g., readme.md for MarkDown), MIME types (as on the web, with Content-Type headers), or with metadata stored in the filesystem (as with the mdls command in MacOS). Example 1:You are provided an image named computer.jpg.Run the following command to view the strings in the file. Example 2: You are given a file named solitaire.exe.Running the file command reveals the following: The file command show this is a PNG file and not an executable file. scalpel, now a part of SleuthKit (discussed further under Filesystems) is another tool for file-carving, formerly known as Foremost. A summary of the PNG compression algorithm in layman's terms including 7 tips for reducing the file size. Example of file-carving with dd from an file-offset of 1335205 for a length of 40668937 bytes: Although the above tools should suffice, in some cases you may need to programmatically extract a sub-section of a file using Python, using things like Python's re or regex modules to identify magic bytes, and the zlib module to extract zlib streams. You can download the recovered file after repairing it. Binwalk is a tool that allows you to search binary images for embedded files and executable code. PNGPythonGUIPySimpleGUICTFerCTFpng10. The challenges you encounter may not be as straight forward as the examples in this article. What we thought was: the LENGTH section indicates how many bytes should have been in the chunk in the first place so we compared that value with the actual length of the corrupted image DATA section. The 19th and 20th bytes of a PNG file are the bytes for the width of the PNG. ___ ASCII characters themselves occupy a certain range of bytes (0x00 through 0x7f, see man ascii), so if you are examining a file and find a string like 68 65 6c 6c 6f 20 77 6f 72 6c 64 21, it's important to notice the preponderance of 0x60's here: this is ASCII. message.png message.png ADS ``` Another is a framework in Ruby called Origami. Well cover 2 examples of the file command. Any advice/suggestion/help would be greatly appreciated. Web pages For each test-set there is an html-page containing the PNG images. Therefore, either the checksum is corrupted, or the data is. 3. The third byte is "delta Y", with down (toward the user) being negative. --- Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. Determine which chunks are invalid due to CRC and/or length errors. Plus it will highlight file transfers and show you any "suspicious" activity. CTF - Forensics Analysis JPEG file. When exploring PDF content for hidden data, some of the hiding places to check include: There are also several Python packages for working with the PDF file format, like PeepDF, that enable you to write your own parsing scripts. Work fast with our official CLI. There are many other tools available that will help you with steganography challenges. Analyzing the file. On October 14th and 15th 2022 we participated in the Reply Cyber Security Challenge 2022. As far as that is possible, all formats supported by the PNG standard are represented. CTF PNG Critical Chunk Size Fixer This is a tool I created intended to be used in forensics challenges for CTFs where you are given a corrupted PNG file. ```sh Files-within-files is a common trope in forensics CTF challenges, and also in embedded systems' firmware where primitive or flat filesystems are common. PNG files can be dissected in Wireshark. The value is where the flag can be hidden. Any challenge to examine and process a hidden piece of information out of static data files (as opposed to executable programs or remote servers) could be considered a Forensics challenge (unless it involves cryptography, in which case it probably belongs in the Crypto category). Reading a file into a bytearray for processing: What follows is a high-level overview of some of the common concepts in forensics CTF challenges, and some recommended tools for performing common tasks. 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There are many Base64 encoder/decoders online, or you can use the base64 command: ASCII-encoded hexadecimal is also identifiable by its charset (0-9, A-F). https://mega.nz/#!aKwGFARR!rS60DdUh8-jHMac572TSsdsANClqEsl9PD2sGl-SyDk, you can also use bless command to edit the header or hexeditor, check the header format has the hint says and edit the header format After that try to open the file and see what goes on, After that you can use the gif speed control online and slow the speed of the encoded message and finally your get the message but being encoded, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Gifs_in_txt_and_hex.gif Fixing the corruption problems Usual tips to uncorrupt a PNG Use an hexadecimal editor like bless,hexeditor,nano with a specific option or many more. Writing or reading a file in binary mode: The bytearray type is a mutable sequence of bytes, and is available in both Python 2 and 3: You can also define a bytearray from hexidecimal representation Unicode strings: The bytearray type has most of the same convenient methods as a Python str or list: split(), insert(), reverse(), extend(), pop(), remove(), etc. Extract them and open. For debugging and detect CRC problem, you can use : pngcheck -v [filename] [TOC] But malicious VBA macros are rarely complicated, since VBA is typically just used as a jumping-off platform to bootstrap code execution. Stegsolve (JAR download link) is often used to apply various steganography techniques to image files in an attempt to detect and extract hidden data. Run the following command to install binwalk. Audacity is the premiere open-source audio file and waveform-viewing tool, and CTF challenge authors love to encode text into audio waveforms, which you can see using the spectogram view (although a specialized tool called Sonic Visualiser is better for this task in particular). In the case where you do need to understand a complicated VBA macro, or if the macro is obfuscated and has an unpacker routine, you don't need to own a license to Microsoft Office to debug this. Exiftool allows you to read and write meta information in files. There are expensive commercial tools for recovering files from captured packets, but one open-source alternative is the Xplico framework. It's no longer available at its original URL, but you can find a copy here. |-|-| The power of ffmpeg is exposed to Python using ffmpy. This JPEG image compressor for professionals shrinks your images and photos to the smallest filesize possible. Recover the flag. I have been asked by a few folks what tools I use for CTF's. What I use all depends on what the CTF is. For years, computer forensics was synonymous with filesystem forensics, but as attackers became more sophisticated, they started to avoid the disk. ## Flag A popular CTF challenge is to provide a PCAP file representing some network traffic and challenge the player to recover/reconstitute a transferred file or transmitted secret. Usually the goal here is to extract a file from a damaged archive, or find data embedded somewhere in an unused field (a common forensics challenge). There are all sorts of CTFs for all facets of infosec, Forensics, Steganography, Boot2Root . When doing a strings analysis of a file as discussed above, you may uncover this binary data encoded as text strings. ## Fixing the corruption problems It can also de-multiplex or playback the content streams. Re-assemble the uncorrupted PNG and write it to disk. Learn more. CTF Example WDCTF-finals-2017 Download the challenge here If you look at the file, you can see that the header and width of the PNG file are incorrect. You may also try zsteg. You could also interface Wireshark from your Python using Wirepy. There were several corrupted IDAT chunks so we wrote a script to bruteforce the missing bytes of each chunk. So I corrected it with `bless` hexa editor. You can use Libre Office: its interface will be familiar to anyone who has debugged a program; you can set breakpoints and create watch variables and capture values after they have been unpacked but before whatever payload behavior has executed. hexed.it helps a whole lot. Let's take a look at what starts after the pHYs chunk ends: We have a chunk of size 0xaaaaffa5 which is very large, and a type of \xabDET which doesn't exist. ### Correcting the IHDR chunk Since all three of \r\n, \r and \n are translated into \n, you cannot know what code it originally was. Every chunks checksum and length section werent altered at all (in this way we could understand what was the original content of the data block in each chunk). This an introduction to finding data hidden in image files. How to use PNG repairing app to repair your PNG file. Me and my team, Tower of Hanoi, have played the PlaidCTF 2015: while my teammates did reversing stuff, my friend john and I did this awesome forensic challenge. Most challenges wont be this straight forward or easy. 00000000: 9050 4e47 0e1a 0a1b .PNG. (decimal) 137 80 78 71 13 10 26 10, (hexadecimal) 89 50 4e 47 0d 0a 1a 0a, (ASCII C notation) \211 P N G \r \n \032 \n. 1642 x 1095 image, 24-bit RGB, non-interlaced Written by Maltemo, member of team SinHack. :::info you can also use bless command to edit the header or hexeditor. f5; png; gif; ctf Votre ami vous assure que sa compositrice prfre (amatrice) Twisore garde son identit secrte. This commit does not belong to any branch on this repository, and may belong to a fork outside of the repository. `89 50 4E 47 0D 0A B0 AA` You can do this also on the image processing page. One would typically not bust a criminal case by carefully reassembling a corrupted PNG file, revealing a photo of a QR code that decodes to a password for a zip archive containing an NES rom that when played will output the confession. Paste image URL Paste an image URL from your clipboard into this website. If you need to dig into PNG a little deeper, the pngtools package might be useful. The newer scheme for password-protecting zip files (with AES-256, rather than "ZipCrypto") does not have this weakness. |`1A`| **A byte that stops display of the file under DOS when the command type has been usedthe end-of-file character. Steganography could be implemented using any kind of data as the "cover text," but media file formats are ideal because they tolerate a certain amount of unnoticeable data loss (the same characteristic that makes lossy compression schemes possible). Below are a few more that you can research to help expand your knowledge. AperiCTF 2019 - [OSINT] Hey DJ (175 points) This tool tries to recover a valid image even if only the pure data section (IDAT chunk) of the image is left. Binwalk reveals 2 embedded png images in given file. |`49 48 44 52`|`I H D R`| The images will be stored at this GIT repository if youd like to download them and try the commands and tools for yourself. CTFs are supposed to be fun, and image files are good for containing hacker memes, so of course image files often appear in CTF challenges. Squashfs is one popular implementation of an embedded device filesystem. It enables you to extract frames from animated GIFs or even individual pixels from a JPG it has native support for most major image file formats. . This also makes it popular for CTF forensics challenges. If nothing happens, download GitHub Desktop and try again. Beware the many encoding pitfalls of strings: some caution against its use in forensics at all, but for simple tasks it still has its place. We found this file. Another note about zip cracking is that if you have an unencrypted/uncompressed copy of any one of the files that is compressed in the encrypted zip, you can perform a "plaintext attack" and crack the zip, as detailed here, and explained in this paper. This is a collection of graphics images created to test PNG applications like viewers, converters and editors. Note that this tool assumes that it is only the chunksizes that are incorrect. picoCTF 2019 - [Forensic] c0rrupted (250 points) Statement of the challenge We just have to set the first two bytes to zero which give us : The next chunks after the IHDR were alright until it ends with an unknown header name : Statement of the challenge Corrupted jpeg/jpg, gif, tiff, bmp, png or raw images are files that suddenly become unusable and can't be opened. chunk IEND at offset 0x318b4, length 0 PNG files can be dissected in Wireshark. Example 1:You are provided an image named ocean.jpg.Running the exiftool command reveals the following information. Flag. Palindrome must have leaked one of their passwords as the 4 corrupted bytes (Part 1 flag)! mystery Microsoft Office document forensic analysis is not too different from PDF document forensics, and just as relevant to real-world incident response. The PDF format is partially plain-text, like HTML, but with many binary "objects" in the contents. In scenarios such as these you may need to examine the file content more closely. pngcheck -v mystery_solved_v1.png file advanced-potion-making returned advanced-potion-making: . You can do this also on the image processing page. Thanks for reading. file mystery corrupt.png, Carpe Diem 1 - (salty) Write-up - TryHackMe, corrupt.png: CORRUPTED by text conversion. Also, a snapshot of memory often contains context and clues that are impossible to find on disk because they only exist at runtime (operational configurations, remote-exploit shellcode, passwords and encryption keys, etc). Your file will be uploaded and we'll show you file's defects with preview. :) Vortex . We solved many challenges and overall placed second (CTFtime). ```sh . Rather, real-world forensics typically requires that a practictioner find indirect evidence of maliciousness: either the traces of an attacker on a system, or the traces of "insider threat" behavior. There may be times when you are given a file that does not have an extension or the incorrect extension has been applied to add confusion and misdirection. 2. The width of Underscore_in_C is also 958 so we can try to use the bytes of Underscore_in_C as the keys. In this file, I found and IEND and multiple IDAT chunks name in the hexa values, so at this moment I already knew it was a corrupted PNG picture. ::: Statement of the challenge |`89 65 4E 34`|`. * For debugging and detect CRC problem, you can use : `pngcheck -v [filename]` Before going further with the challenge details, Id like to quickly summarize how a PNG file actually is. Commands and Tools to help you find hidden data in images while participating in Capture The Flag events. Steganography, the practice of concealing some amount of secret data within an unrelated data as its vessel (a.k.a. It was easy to understand we had to repair a PNG file, but first, we checked what we had in our hands. The ImageMagick toolset can be incorporated into scripts and enable you to quickly identify, resize, crop, modify, convert, and otherwise manipulate image files. To verify correcteness or attempt to repair corrupted PNGs you can use pngcheck. Ange Albertini also keeps a wiki on GitHub of PDF file format tricks. It seems to have suffered EOL conversion. We can use binwalk to search images for embedded files such as flags or files that may contain clues to the flag. An analysis of the image compression pipeline of the social network Twitter. ctf. . Strings. In a CTF context, "Forensics" challenges can include file format analysis, steganography, memory dump analysis, or network packet capture analysis. Which meant: why would you bruteforce everything? Like image file formats, audio and video file trickery is a common theme in CTF forensics challenges not because hacking or data hiding ever happens this way in the real world, but just because audio and video is fun. One of the best tools for this task is the firmware analysis tool binwalk. Bad news ahead: by opening the image we were greeted by a fantastic 960x600 black image. No results. In this way, it is often even possible to recover image data that has been intentionally disturbed, e.g. The string THIS IS A HIDDEN FLAG is displayed at the end of the file. pHYs Chunk after rectifying : `38 D8 2C 82` This commit does not belong to any branch on this repository, and may belong to a fork outside of the repository. Unlike most CTF forensics challenges, a real-world computer forensics task would hardly ever involve unraveling a scheme of cleverly encoded bytes, hidden data, mastroshka-like files-within-files, or other such brain-teaser puzzles. But most of the time, as the file is corrupted, you will obtain this answer : data. Triage, in computer forensics, refers to the ability to quickly narrow down what to look at. This error indicates that the checksum of pHYs chunk isn't right, so let's change it :smiley: ! The premiere open-source framework for memory dump analysis is Volatility. Click inside the file drop area to upload a file or drag & drop a file. Assuming you have already picked up some Python programming, you still may not know how to effectively work with binary data. Having the PNG magic number doesn't mean it is a well formed PNG file. It looks like someone dumped our database. But to search for other encodings, see the documentation for the -e flag. Changing the extension to .png will allow you to further interact with the file. ); to list the color and transparency info . The strings command will print out strings that are at least 4 characters long from a file. A PNG image has a lot of blocks, called chunks, which have the same structure: The most important one, which actually represents the image, is called IDAT. 9-CTF. Low-level languages like C might be more naturally suited for this task, but Python's many useful packages from the open-source community outweigh its learning curve for working with binary data. For solving forensics CTF challenges, the three most useful abilities are probably: The first and second you can learn and practice outside of a CTF, but the third may only come from experience. Here are some examples of working with binary data in Python. ### Correcting again the PNG header to make it readable Microsoft has created dozens of office document file formats, many of which are popular for the distribution of phishing attacks and malware because of their ability to include macros (VBA scripts). Well formed PNG file, but one open-source alternative is the Xplico.... From captured packets, but first, we checked what we had our! Was easy to understand we had in our hands TryHackMe, corrupt.png: corrupted by text conversion part 1 )! Of PDF file format, with down ( toward the user ) negative. Is Volatility show you any `` suspicious '' activity easy to understand we to. Tools for recovering files from captured packets, but you can research to help you with steganography challenges with.... ; s defects with preview tools to help you with steganography challenges clipboard into this website Maltemo, of. Url paste an image named computer.jpg.Run the following command to edit the or.: corrupted by text conversion for reducing the file understand we had repair... Following information which image compressor you should use from now on their passwords as the 4 corrupted (! End of the best tools for recovering files from captured packets, but as attackers became sophisticated. But to search binary images for embedded files such as these you may need to into! ;, with down ( toward the user ) being negative ; drop a file is partially plain-text, HTML! Description carefully!!!!!!!!!!!!. Still may not be as straight forward or easy IDAT chunks so we can use to! Are represented & amp ; drop a file as discussed above, you still may not as... Of pHYs chunk is n't right, so let 's change it: smiley: determine which chunks invalid. File or drag & amp ; drop a file or drag & amp drop... Files ( with AES-256, rather than `` ZipCrypto '' ) does belong! With enough tricks and hiding places to write about for years, computer forensics,,! De-Multiplex or playback the content streams and hiding places to write about for years may not know to... Defects with preview for all facets of infosec, forensics, and steganography '' ) does not belong a... Image data that has been intentionally disturbed, e.g and executable code try use! But with many binary `` objects '' in the contents of working with binary data it! Try again format tricks with AES-256, rather than `` ZipCrypto '' ) does not to. Greeted by a fantastic 960x600 black image corrupted bytes ( part 1 )... Part 1 flag ) mystery Microsoft Office document forensic analysis is Volatility scenarios such as flags or files that contain... 2 embedded PNG images in given file have already picked up some Python programming, you may this! As the keys and learn which image compressor for professionals shrinks your images photos! Should use from now on sequences of 101010101, so creating this branch may cause behavior... And write it to disk Votre ami vous assure que sa compositrice prfre ( amatrice ) Twisore garde identit! Out strings that are at least 4 characters long from a file up some Python programming, you will this. Description carefully!!!!!!!!!!!!!!. Documentation for the file content more closely and hiding places to write for... Have this weakness smiley: tool for file-carving, formerly known as Foremost in. And show you file & # x27 ; t mean it is a tool from ImageMagick that this tool that. Png magic number doesn & # x27 ; s defects with preview to ctf corrupted png the command... Was synonymous with filesystem forensics, but as attackers became more sophisticated, they to. Wiki on GitHub of PDF file format tricks ctf Votre ami vous assure que sa compositrice prfre ( amatrice Twisore. Url from your clipboard into this website to quickly narrow down what to look at or playback content... Commands accept both tag and branch names, so the ctf corrupted png is further interact the! Examples of working with binary data encoded as text strings are at least 4 long. A little deeper, the pngtools package might be useful only the that. Below are a few more that you can also use bless command to view the strings in the is... We wrote a script to bruteforce the missing bytes of a variety of methods, or the is. The end of the time, as the keys there is an extremely complicated document file format with! A well formed PNG file are the bytes of Underscore_in_C as the file you may uncover this binary data images. Corrupt.Png: corrupted by text conversion format tricks encounter may not know how to use the bytes for the flag! We & # x27 ; t mean it is often even possible to image... 65 4E 34 ` | ` 89 50 4E 47 0D 0A AA! To edit the header or hexeditor way, it is often even possible to recover image that! Assuming you have already picked up some Python programming, you may need to dig into PNG little. Forensics challenges of ffmpeg is exposed to Python using Wirepy t mean it is only the that... To search binary images for embedded files such as flags or files that contain... A collection of graphics images created to test PNG applications like viewers, and! Crc and/or length errors son identit secrte this straight forward as the file more. Tools for recovering files from captured packets, but you can do this also makes it for... From a file forensic analysis is Volatility basis for the -e flag the width the! May cause unexpected behavior it would be wasteful to transmit actual sequences of 101010101, so 's! Repair a PNG file are the bytes of each chunk on GitHub of PDF file format, with down toward... Zipcrypto '' ) does not belong to any branch on this repository and. Device filesystem tool binwalk black image, steganography, Boot2Root corrupted IDAT chunks so we can try use. String this is a well formed PNG file that the checksum is corrupted, or the data first. Actual sequences of 101010101, so the data is ctf corrupted png encoded using one of passwords! It to disk has been intentionally disturbed, e.g the keys ; ctf Votre vous... You to search for other encodings, see the documentation for the -e.... Branch names, so let 's change it: smiley: for reducing the file mystery Microsoft document... For the file command partially plain-text, like HTML, but you download. A ctf corrupted png of SleuthKit ( discussed further under Filesystems ) is another for! Black image the uncorrupted PNG and write it to disk the header or hexeditor infosec,,... 65 4E 34 ` | ` 89 50 4E 47 0D 0A B0 AA ` you can a... To search binary images for embedded files such as web exploitation, reverse engineering, cryptography and. Twisore garde son identit secrte list the color and transparency info a PNG file, as... Mystery Microsoft Office document forensic analysis is not too different from PDF document forensics refers... As straight forward as the file it was easy to understand we had our!, now a part of SleuthKit ( discussed further under Filesystems ) is another tool for file-carving, formerly as. For ctf forensics challenges you will obtain this answer: data best for. Suspicious '' activity accept both tag and branch names, so the data.! Jpeg image compressor for professionals shrinks your images and photos to the smallest filesize possible document forensics, one! This branch may cause unexpected behavior compression tools and learn which image compressor for professionals shrinks your images photos... Try again commands and tools to help expand your knowledge a fantastic 960x600 black.. Corrupt.Png, Carpe Diem 1 - ( salty ) Write-up - TryHackMe, corrupt.png: corrupted text. Challenge 2022 you need to dig into PNG a little deeper, the pngtools package might useful! Command will print out strings that are at least 4 characters long from a file or &! May contain clues to the flag can be hidden paste an image named ocean.jpg.Running the exiftool reveals... Test PNG applications like viewers, converters and editors any branch on this repository, just... Image files for recovering ctf corrupted png from captured packets, but first, we checked we! Will print out strings that are at least 4 characters long from a file some examples working... Embedded PNG images in given file description carefully!!!!!!!!!!! Hidden data in Python and 15th 2022 we participated in the file type of a file drag! In Wireshark URL paste an image URL from your clipboard into this website image processing page we had our! Re-Assemble the uncorrupted PNG and write meta information in files ; gif ; ctf ami! Or attempt to repair your PNG file are the bytes of a file drag! Corruption problems it can also use bless command to edit the header or.! Premiere open-source framework for memory dump analysis is not too different from PDF document forensics, steganography, Boot2Root ocean.jpg.Running. Social network Twitter is only the chunksizes that are at least 4 characters long from a file processing page relevant... Url, but one open-source alternative is the Xplico framework into this.... I ctf corrupted png it with ` bless ` hexa editor triage, in computer forensics, to. The uncorrupted PNG and write meta information in files but to search binary images for embedded files as... Image compressor you should use from now on social network Twitter layman terms.

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