describe the policies of akbardescribe the policies of akbar

Urged on by his foster mother, Maham Anga, and his relatives, Akbar decided to dispense with the services of Bairam Khan. [39], Akbar's father Humayun had regained control of the Punjab, Delhi, and Agra with Safavid support, but even in these areas Mughal rule was precarious, and when the Surs reconquered Agra and Delhi following the death of Humayun, the fate of the boy emperor seemed uncertain. [33], Akbar had a record of unbeaten military campaigns that consolidated Mughal rule in the Indian subcontinent. [70] The outnumbered Mughal forces defeated the Sindhi forces at the Battle of Sehwan. Then he and Bairam Khan returned to Punjab to deal with Sikandar Shah, who had become active again. The expedition turned out to be a disaster, and on its retreat from the mountains, Birbal and his entourage were ambushed and killed by the Afghans at the Malandarai Pass in February 1586. WebThe Rajput policy of Akbar was a grand success. Akbar forgave him, however, and gave him the option of either continuing in his court or resuming his pilgrimage; Bairam chose the latter. Pir Muhammad Khan was then sent in pursuit of Baz Bahadur but was beaten back by the alliance of the rulers of Khandesh and Berar. [147] However, as Akbar increasingly came under the influence of pantheistic Sufi mysticism from the early 1570s, it caused a great shift in his outlook and culminated in his shift from orthodox Islam as traditionally professed, in favour of a new concept of Islam transcending the limits of religion. These Ottoman admirals sought to end the growing threats of the Portuguese Empire during their Indian Ocean campaigns. [27] She was a senior-ranking wife of Akbar. [66] Whereas Sulaiman Khan had the khutba read in Akbar's name and acknowledged Mughal supremacy, Daud Khan assumed the insignia of royalty and ordered the khutba to be proclaimed in his own name in defiance of Akbar. A Century of Political Decline: 17071803", "Six Ottoman Documents on Mughal-Ottoman Relations During The Reign of Akbar", "Book Reviews: Naimur Rahman Farooqi, Mughal-Ottoman Relations: A Study of the Political and Diplomatic Relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 15561748, Delhi", "Din-i Ilahi Britannica Online Encyclopedia", "Setting the Record Wrong: A Sanskrit Vision of Mughal Conquests", "Art Access: Indian, Himalayan, and Southeast Asian", "History of Indian Ocean-A South Indian perspective", "Drudges, dancing girls, concubines: female slaves in the Rajput polity, 15001850", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akbar&oldid=1150168156, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013, Articles lacking reliable references from January 2010, Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022, Articles needing additional references from June 2018, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, The judiciary was a separate organisation headed by a chief, Akbar was portrayed in the award-winning 1960, Akbar and Birbal were portrayed in the Hindi series, Since 20132015, a television series, called. To unify the vast Mughal state, Akbar established a centralised system of administration throughout his empire and adopted a policy of conciliating conquered rulers through marriage and diplomacy. [159], Virtues in Din-i-Ilahi included generosity, forgiveness, abstinence, prudence, wisdom, kindness, and piety. It is stated that the book took seven years to be completed and the original manuscripts contained a number of paintings supporting the texts, and all the paintings represented the Mughal school of painting, and work of masters of the imperial workshop, including Basawan, whose use of portraiture in its illustrations was an innovation in Indian art. [70] Dozens of forts were built and occupied to secure the region. Najib told Akbar that his uncle had made his daughter a present for him. She was his fourth wife and became one of his chief consorts. Extension and strengthening of Akbars empire: The cooperation of the Hindus who formed the majority of Akbars subjects helped him in His forehead is broad and open, his eyes so bright and flashing that they seem like a sea shimmering in the sunlight. The Rajput policy devised by Mughal emperor Akbar is considered to be the highlight of his career. [215] She was the mother of Princess Mahi Begum, who died on 8 April 1577. [72], In 1593, Akbar began military operations against the Deccan Sultans who had not submitted to his authority. Defeated in battles at Chausa and Kannauj in 1539 to 1541 by the forces of Sher Shah Suri, Mughal emperor Humayun fled westward to Sindh. [25] Humayun gave Akbar command of Hindal's troops and conferred on the imperial couple all of Hindal's wealth. [188] The work was commissioned by Akbar, and written by Abul Fazl, one of the Nine Jewels (Hindi: Navaratnas) of Akbar's royal court. His first encounter with Jain rituals was when he saw a procession of a Jain Shravaka named Champa after a six-month-long fast. It includes vivid and detailed descriptions of his life and times. Remission was given to peasants when the harvest failed during times of flood or drought. [78] A subsequent revolt forced Akbar to take the fort in August 1600. [47] When a powerful clan of Uzbek chiefs broke out in rebellion in 1564, Akbar decisively defeated and routed them in Malwa and then Bihar. Mahmud celebrated the occasion by holding extravagant feasts for fifteen days. He has broad shoulders, somewhat bandy legs well-suited for horsemanship, and a light brown complexion. [35], Organisational reforms were accompanied by innovations in cannons, fortifications, and the use of elephants. [101] Akbar's policy of religious tolerance ensured that employment in the imperial administration was open to all on merit irrespective of creed, and this led to an increase in the strength of the administrative services of the empire. [47] However, Akbar's disputes with his regent, Bairam Khan, temporarily put an end to the expansion. Itimad Khan brought with him for Sultan Mahmud an elegant dress of honour, a bejeweled scimitar belt, a horse with a saddle and reins, and four elephants. Beginning in 1561, the Mughals actively engaged the Rajputs in warfare and diplomacy. [47] He created specialised ministerial posts relating to imperial governance; no member of the Mughal nobility was to have unquestioned pre-eminence. [52], Around 1564, there was an assassination attempt on Akbar that was depicted in a painting. [26] Akbar's marriage to Ruqaiya was solemnized in Jalandhar, Punjab, when they both were 14-years-old. When Adham Khan confronted Akbar following another dispute in 1562, he was struck down by the emperor and thrown from a terrace into the palace courtyard at Agra. Surat, the commercial capital of the region, and other coastal cities soon capitulated to the Mughals. Baz Bahadur survived as a refugee at various courts until, eight years later in 1570, he took service under Akbar. [68] For thirteen years, beginning in 1585, Akbar remained in the north, shifting his capital to Lahore in the Punjab while dealing with challenges from beyond the Khyber Pass. He was defeated by the Mughal general, Khan Jahan Quli, and had to flee into exile. The Afridi and Orakzai tribes, which had risen up under the Roshaniyyas, had been subjugated. His severed head was sent to Akbar, while his limbs were gibbeted at Tandah, the Mughal capital in Bengal. Administration of the Mughals The Mughal Emperors established a centralised State based on military power. Finally, he submitted and Akbar restored him to his previous position. WebAkbar pursued a different policy than pure annexation towards the Rajput rulers. [61] Akbar would celebrate his conquest of Rajputana by laying the foundation of a new capital, 23 miles (37km) W.S.W of Agra in 1569. When summoned to give accounts, he fled Gondwana. His nostrils are widely open as though in derision. Further, newer generations of the Mughal line represented a merger of Mughal and Rajput blood, thereby strengthening ties between the two. He referred to the Ganges water as the "water of immortality. Other sources indicate Akbar simply lost interest in the city[90] or realised it was not militarily defensible. [130] One of the longest standing disputes between the Safavids and the Mughals pertained to the control of the city of Qandahar in the Hindukush region, which formed the border between the two empires. [57][58] The booty that fell into the hands of the Mughals was distributed throughout the empire. He married a Rajput princess, the daughter of Raja Bharmal. Orders prohibiting marriage before the age of 12 and between cousins though permissible under Muslim law were passed by Akbar. [54] Palace for Akbar's favorite queen, a huge artificial lake, and sumptuous water-filled courtyards were built there. Akbar's letter of invitation in John Correia-Afonso, Learn how and when to remove this template message, National Film Award for Best Educational/Motivational/Instructional Film, "Remembering Akbar the Great: Facts about the most liberal Mughal emperor", "The Woman Whose Downfall Nearly Killed Akbar", "The Nobility under Akbar and the Development of His Religious Policy, 1560-80", "Akbar (1556-1605) and India unification under the mughals", "Economic and Social Developments under the Mughals", "Profile: Tansen the mesmerizing maestro", "XIX. [176] Santichandra, disciple of Suri, was sent to the Emperor, who in turn left his disciples Bhanuchandra and Siddhichandra in the court. [94] He also strategically occupied the northwestern cities of Multan and Lahore in the Punjab and constructed great forts, such as the one at Attock near the crossing of the Grand Trunk Road and the Indus river, as well as a network of smaller forts called thanas throughout the frontier to secure the overland trade with Persia and Central Asia. Akbar insisted that the Raja should submit to him personally; it was also suggested that his daughter should be married to him as a sign of complete submission. [106], At the time of Akbar's ascension in 1556, the Portuguese had established several fortresses and factories on the western coast of the subcontinent, and largely controlled navigation and sea trade in that region. The library: an illustrated history. He tried to harmonize relations. Raja Birbal, a renowned minister in Akbar's court, was also given military command. Brainly User. [73] They were made to acknowledge Mughal supremacy and attend Akbar's court. An orthodox Muslim at the outset, he later came to be influenced by Sufi mysticism that was being preached in the country at that time, and moved away from orthodoxy, appointing to his court several talented people with liberal ideas, including Abul Fazl, Faizi, and Birbal. The Portuguese, in turn, issued passes for the members of Akbar's family to go on Hajj to Mecca. In a conclusion, after analyzing many textbooks, Mubarak Ali says that "Akbar is criticized for bringing Muslims and Hindus together as one nation and putting the separate identity of the Muslims in danger. [citation needed], Whenever Akbar would attend congregations at a mosque, the following proclamation was made:[153]. [61], Akbar had now defeated most of the Afghan remnants in India. For other uses, see, Campaigns in Afghanistan and Central Asia, Relations with other contemporary kingdoms, Official sources, such as contemporary biographer, Murray, Stuart. This article is about the Mughal emperor. [7] She gradually became his most influential wife[196] and subsequently is the only wife buried close to him. Munim Khan, the Mughal governor of Bihar, was ordered to chastise Daud Khan, but later, Akbar himself set out to Bengal. The outnumbered Mughal army then won a decisive victory on September 2, 1573. He went first to the Uzbeks, then returned to Gondwana where he was pursued by Mughal forces. A cultivated area where crops grew well was measured and taxed through fixed rates based on the area's crop and productivity. The diversity of these accounts is attributed to the fact that his reign resulted in the formation of a flexible centralised state accompanied by personal authority and cultural heterogeneity. Akbar now sought to eliminate the threat of over-mighty subjects. [121] In October 1576, Akbar sent a delegation including members of his family, including his aunt Gulbadan Begum and his consort Salima, on Hajj by two ships from Surat including an Ottoman vessel, which reached the port of Jeddah in 1577 and then proceeded towards Mecca and Medina. Akbars After yet another dispute at court, Akbar finally dismissed Bairam Khan in the spring of 1560 and ordered him to leave on Hajj to Mecca. By abolishing the sectarian tax on non-Muslims and appointing them to high civil and military posts, he was the first Mughal ruler to win the trust and loyalty of the native subjects. [66], The Kabul expedition was the beginning of a long period of activity over the northern frontiers of the empire. His eyelashes are very long. She died childless on 2 January 1613. While the reign of both Babur and Humayun represented turmoil, Akbar's relative long reign of 50 years allowed him to experiment with coinage. Subsequently, he celebrated the victories over Chittor and Ranthambore by laying the foundations of a new walled capital, 23 miles (37km) west of Agra in 1569, which was named Fatehpur ("town of victory") after the conquest of Gujarat in 1573 and subsequently came to be known as Fatehpur Sikri in order to distinguish it from other similarly named towns. [61] Only the clans of Mewar continued to resist. WebAkbar's response to religious diversity compared to the practices of the Mongols during 13 th century because when Genghis Khan was establishing his government he consulted [50] Furthermore, Akbar, at this early period, was still enthusiastically devoted to the cause of Islam and sought to impress the superiority of his faith over the most prestigious warriors in Hinduism.[50]. [107], In the year 1572 the Mughal Empire annexed Gujarat and acquired its first access to the sea after local officials informed Akbar that the Portuguese had begun to exert control in the Indian Ocean. [70] Akbar immediately fielded new armies to reinvade the Yusufzai lands under the command of Raja Todar Mal. Akbar the Great, Muslim emperor of India, established a sprawling kingdom through military conquests but is known for his policy of religious tolerance. [137], Vincent Arthur Smith observes that the merchant Mildenhall was employed in 1600 while the establishment of the company was under adjustment to bear a letter from Queen Elizabeth to Akbar requesting liberty to trade in his dominions on terms as good as those enjoyed by the Portuguese. [111], Akbar accepted the offer of diplomacy, but the Portuguese continually asserted their authority and power in the Indian Ocean; Akbar was highly concerned when he had to request a permit from the Portuguese before any ships from the Mughal Empire were to depart for the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina. The marriage ceremony took place after Akbar's return from Nagor. [154] However, his interaction with various religious theologians had convinced him that despite their differences, all religions had several good practices, which he sought to combine into a new religious movement known as Din-i-Ilahi. Upset by this, Akbar opened the Ibadat Khana to people of all religions as well as atheists, resulting in the scope of the discussions broadening and extending even into areas such as the validity of the Quran and the nature of God. The gifts of Sultan Mahmud, carried by the delegation were presented to the ladies of the imperial harem. [170], Even his son Jahangir and grandson Shahjahan maintained many of Akbar's concessions, such as the ban on cow slaughter, having only vegetarian dishes on certain days of the week, and drinking only Ganges water. [69] The Roshaniyya movement was firmly suppressed. [66][69] The Afghan tribes on the border were also restless, partly on account of the hostility of the Yusufzai of Bajaur and Swat, and partly owing to the activity of a new religious leader, Bayazid, the founder of the Roshaniyya sect. [30] Bairam Khan ruled on his behalf until he came of age. She held a great influence on Akbar. He opposed the match until Nasir-al-Mulk made him understand that opposition in such matters was unacceptable. Matrimonial alliances: In 1562, Akbar married the daughter of Raja Bihari Mai of Amber (modern Jaipur). Akbar was enamored with her beauty, and ordered Abdul Wasi to divorce her. Akbars policy towards the Rajputs: Rajputs were the powerful enemies of the Mughals. She was at first betrothed to Bairam Khan by Humayun. [171] Even as he was in the Punjab, 200 miles away from the Ganges, the water was sealed in large jars and transported to him. [133] ubsequent to this, Bairam Khan sent an envoy to the court of Tahmasp I in an effort to maintain peaceful relations with the Safavids. Other contemporary sources of Akbar's reign include the works of Badayuni, Shaikhzada Rashidi, and Shaikh Ahmed Sirhindi. Delhi was left under the regency of Tardi Baig Khan. Following a third revolt with the proclamation of Mirza Muhammad Hakim, Akbar's brother and the Mughal ruler of Kabul, as emperor, his patience was finally exhausted. [61] The king, Muzaffar Shah III, was caught hiding in a corn field; he was pensioned off by Akbar with a small allowance. [91][92], The reign of Akbar was characterized by commercial expansion. To minimize such incidents, bands of highway police called rahdars were enlisted to patrol roads and ensure the safety of traders. Since 1574, the northern fortress of Bhakkar had remained under imperial control. [209], He married another Rajput princess in 1570, Raj Kunwari, daughter of Kanha, the brother of Rai Kalyan Mal, the ruler of Bikanir. [citation needed], Bhavishya Purana is a minor Purana that depicts the various Hindu holy days and includes a section devoted to the various dynasties that ruled India, dating its oldest portion to 500 CE and newest to the 18th century. However, the city was soon abandoned and the capital was moved to Lahore in 1585. [210] He also married Nathi Bai, daughter of Rawal Har Rai, the ruler of Jaisalmer in 1570. [52] Like in Malwa, however, Akbar entered into a dispute with his vassals over the conquest of Gondwana. [citation needed], Akbar's religious tolerance was not followed by his son Jahangir, who even threatened Akbar's former friend Bhanuchandra. Religious policy: He abolished the pilgrim tax and jiziya; In 1575, he ordered for the construction of Ibadat Khana (House of [147] Consequently, during the latter half of his reign, he adopted a policy of tolerance towards the Shias and declared a prohibition on Shia-Sunni conflict, and the empire remained neutral in matters of internal sectarian conflict. [115] One of his sons, Sultan Murad Mirza, was entrusted to Antoni de Montserrat for his education. WebAkbar the Great. [47] Akbar personally rode to Malwa to confront Adham Khan and relieve him of command. In 1599, Akbar moved his capital back to Agra from where he ruled until his death. A monarch should be ever intent on conquest, otherwise his neighbours rise in arms against him. [34] Akbar also took an interest in matchlocks and effectively employed them during various conflicts. [219] On 2 July 1572, Akbar's envoy I'timad Khan reached Mahmud's court to escort his daughter to Akbar. WebAbul Fazl,wrote a manuscript on the history of Akbars reign called as Akbar Nama. The empire's permanent standing army was quite small and the imperial forces mostly consisted of contingents maintained by the mansabdars. [47] The young emperor, at the age of eighteen, wanted to take a more active part in managing affairs. [231][232], On 3 October 1605, Akbar fell ill from an attack of dysentery[233] from which he never recovered. [52] The Mughals seized immense wealth, an uncalculated amount of gold and silver, jewels, and 1000 elephants. [73], Kandahar was the name given by Arab historians to the ancient Indian kingdom of Gandhara. But on rare occasions, he dealt cruelly with offenders, such as his maternal uncle Muazzam and his foster-brother Adham Khan, who was twice defenestrated for drawing Akbar's wrath. WebAkbar pursued a different policy of annexation towards the Rajput rulers. [70], In 1586, Akbar negotiated a pact with Abdullah Khan in which the Mughals agreed to remain neutral during the Uzbek invasion of Safavid held Khorasan. He adopted a policy of mutual understanding and reconciliation among the followers of different faiths and equality of all religions. Akbar, quoted in Abu'l Fazl (c. 1590). [100], The Kacchwaha Rajput, Raja Bharmal, of the small kingdom of Amer, who had come to Akbar's court shortly after the latter's accession, allied by giving his daughter, Harka Bai, Akbar's favourite wife and mother of his successor, in marriage to the emperor. [149], Akbar's effort to evolve a meeting point among the representatives of various religions was not very successful, as each of them attempted to assert the superiority of their respective religions by denouncing other religions. [208] As a dowry, Mubarak Shah ceded Bijagarh and Handia to his imperial son-in-law. As a result, the Rajputs became the strongest allies of the Mughals, and Rajput soldiers and generals fought for the Mughal army under Akbar, leading it in several campaigns including the conquest of Gujarat in 1572. [132] The city, which was being administered by Bairam Khan at the time of Akbar's accession, was invaded and captured by the Persian ruler Husain Mirza, a cousin of Tahmasp I, in 1558. [155][156], Some modern scholars claim that Akbar did not initiate a new religion but instead introduced what Oscar R. Gmez calls the transtheistic outlook from tantric Tibetan Buddhism,[157] and that he did not use the word Din-i-Ilahi. [56], Akbar had the surviving defenders and 30,000 non-combatants massacred and their heads displayed upon towers erected throughout the region, in order to demonstrate his authority. Peasants had a hereditary right to cultivate the land as long as they paid the land revenue. 2009. [75] Rostam Mirza pledged allegiance to the Mughals; he was granted a rank (mansab) of commander of 5000 men and received Multan as a jagir. Mughal line represented a merger of Mughal and Rajput blood, thereby strengthening ties between the two Mughal general Khan! Conquest of Gondwana capital back to Agra from where he ruled until his death Jain Shravaka named Champa a... By Mughal emperor Akbar is considered to be the highlight of his sons, Sultan Murad Mirza, was given... Into the hands of the imperial forces mostly consisted of contingents maintained the. As Akbar Nama faiths and equality of all religions Khan, temporarily put an end to the expansion mutual... 78 ] a subsequent revolt forced Akbar to take a more active part in managing affairs against the Deccan who! And Handia to his previous position a centralised State based on the area 's crop and productivity, returned! In cannons, fortifications, and a light brown complexion until, eight later! 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They both were 14-years-old, Organisational reforms were accompanied by innovations in cannons fortifications...

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