mosasaurus bite forcemosasaurus bite force

[102][103][104] The wide range of oceanic climates yielded a large diversity of fauna that coexisted with Mosasaurus. The first Mosasaurus fossil known to science was discovered in 1764 in a chalk quarry near Maastricht in the Netherlands in the form of a skull, which was initially identified as a whale. The fossils were found in association with fossils of Squalicorax, Enchodus, and various ammonites within a uniquely fossil-rich bed at the base of the Hornerstown Formation known as the Main Fossiliferous Layer. [29] The rest of the skull had been discovered earlier by a fur-trapper, and it eventually came under the possession of prince Maximilian of Weid-Neuwied between 1832 and 1834. 241. In addition, they exclusively feature M. conodon, Halisaurus platyspondylus and Prognathodon rapax. [61] Lingham-Soliar (1995) suggested that Mosasaurus had a rather "savage" feeding behavior as demonstrated by large tooth marks on scutes of the giant sea turtle Allopleuron hoffmanni and fossils of re-healed fractured jaws in M. [50] It is unlikely Mosasaurus was a scavenger as it had a poor sense of smell. [102], The northern Tethyan margin was located around the paleolatitudes of 3040N, consisting of what is now the European continent, Turkey, and New Jersey. In fighting likely took place in the form of snout grappling, similarly seen in modern crocodiles today. grand canyon dories hurricane, utah; jo joyner waterloo road; fitbit charge 5 clock faces; marvel stadium level 1 seating Both of these dinosaurs have extremely powerful jaws and rows and rows of sharp teeth, though the bite force of the mosasaurus is more powerful than the bite force of the liopleurodon. This creates a rigid three-pivot geometric cranial structure. [2], Distribution, ecosystem, and ecological impact. [50], 13C is also correlated with a marine animal's feeding habitat as isotope levels deplete when habitat is farther from the shoreline, so some scientists interpreted isotope levels as a proxy for habitat preference. The species is named in honor of Alfred Beaug, director at the time of the OCP Group, who invited Arambourg to participate in the research project and helped him to provide local fossils. [61] These three mosasaurs preyed on similar animals such as marine reptiles. The neurocranium housed a brain which was narrow and relatively small compared to other mosasaurs. On the lower jaw, only one type, the dentary teeth, were present. [33], The fourth species M. lemonnieri was first detected by Camper Jr. based on fossils from his father's collections, which he discussed with Cuvier during their 1799 correspondence, but Cuvier rejected the idea of another Mosasaurus species. Rather than being fused together, extensive cartilage likely connected the ribs with the sternum, which would have facilitated breathing movements and compression when in deeper waters. [102] Mosasaurus was not well-represented: the distribution of M. beaugei was restricted to Morocco and Brazil and isolated teeth from Syria suggested a possible presence of M. lemonnieri, although M. hoffmannii also had some presence throughout the province. The eye sockets were located at the sides of the skull, which created a narrow field of binocular vision at around 28.5[50][87] but alternatively allowed excellent processing of a two-dimensional environment, such as the near-surface waters inhabited by Mosasaurus. [11][50] In the hindlimbs, the paddle is supported by four sets of digits. As such, it had a streamlined body, an elongated tail ending with a downturn supporting a two-lobed fin, and two pairs of flippers. The study also held four additional species from Pacific depositsM. [42] One indeterminate specimen of Mosasaurus similar to M. conodon from the Pembina Gorge State Recreation Area in North Dakota was found to have an unusual count of sixteen pterygoid teeth, far greater than in known species. In 2004, Lingham-Soliar observed that if these injuries were indeed the result of an intraspecific attack, then there is a pattern of them concentrating in the skull region. [h][66], One of the most complete Mosasaurus skeletons in terms of vertebral representation (Mosasaurus sp. The latter rendered Mosasaurus paraphyletic (an unnatural grouping), but Bell (1997) nevertheless recognized Plotosaurus as a distinct genus. Mosasaurus fossils have been found less than 15 meters (49ft) below the boundary in the Maastricht Formation, the Davutlar Formation in Turkey, the Jagel Formation in Argentina, Stevns Klint in Denmark, Seymour Island, and Missouri. Dollo names the species in his honor. maximus-hoffmanni. Mosasaurus was a predator possessing excellent vision to compensate for its poor sense of smell, and a high metabolic rate suggesting it was endothermic ("warm-blooded"), an adaptation only found in mosasaurs among squamates. The femur itself is about twice as long as it is wide and ends at the distal side in a pair of distinct articular facets (of which one connects to the ilium and the other to the paddle bones) that meet at an angle of approximately 120. hoffmannii had two to three prisms on the labial side (the side facing outwards) and no prisms on the lingual side (the side facing the tongue), M. missouriensis had four to six labial prisms and eight lingual prisms, M. lemonnieri had eight to ten labial prisms, and M. beaugei had three to five labial prisms and eight to nine lingual prisms. [50], Mosasaurus swam using its tail. Comparisons between the 13C levels in multiple teeth of M. hoffmannii and P. saturator from the Maastrichtian-age Maastricht Formation showed that while there was some convergence between certain specimens, the average 13C values between the two species were on average different. [129] Any Mosasaurus surviving the immediate cataclysms by taking refuge in deeper waters would have died out due to starvation from a loss of prey. Megalodon only had bite force, size, and bulk. Two examples include IRSNB R25 and IRSNB R27, both having fractures and other pathologies in their dentaries. Spaces within the braincase for the occipital lobe and cerebral hemisphere are narrow and shallow, suggesting such brain parts were relatively small. [126], Mosasaurus lived alongside other large predatory mosasaurs also considered apex predators, most prominent among them being the tylosaurines and Prognathodon. While M. hoffmannii also preyed on turtles, its teeth were built to handle a wider range of prey less suited for P. This formed through a combination of catastrophic seismic and geological disturbances, mega-hurricanes, and giant tsunamis caused by the impact of the Chicxulub asteroid that catalyzed the K-Pg extinction event. [9], Nevertheless, competitive engagement evidently could not be entirely avoided. [102] In certain areas such as Belgium, other Mosasaurus species like M. lemonnieri were instead the dominant species, where it's occurrences greatly outnumber those of other large mosasaurs. Purussaurus ~69,000 Newton's. Tyrannosaurus-Rex ~35,000 Newton's. Giganotosaurus ~ 35,500 Newton's. Mapusaurus ~ 31,000 Newton's. The T-Rex has the strongest bite force of any land animal but the megalodon is the king of all bites, on water or land. [j][5] Street & Caldwell (2017) was derived from Street's 2016 doctoral thesis, which contained a phylogenetic study proposing the constraining of Mosasaurus into four speciesM. The swimming style was likely sub-carangiform, which is exemplified today by mackerels. Mosasaurus gave its name to a group of marine lizards - Mosasaurs. The restoration was primarily informed by Richard Owen's interpretation of the M. hoffmannii holotype and the anatomy of monitor lizards, so Hawkins depicted the animal as essentially a water-going monitor lizard. [10] In M. missouriensis, the bar is robust and does not constrict. This giant shark is 25 m in length (82 ft) and swims up to 17 m/s (55 ft/s). glycys'with M. conodon and the Pacific taxa belonging to different genera and M. beaugei being a synonym[k] of M. It is geographically subdivided into two biogeographic provinces that respectively include the northern and southern Tethyan margins. The Mosasaurus had 250 teeth, and scientists estimate its bite force at around 13,000 to 16,000 psi. The bite force of Mosasaurus has been estimated to be between 13,000 and 16,000 pounds per square inch (psi). Mosasaurus ( / mozsrs /; "lizard of the Meuse River ") is the type genus (defining example) of the mosasaurs, an extinct group of aquatic squamate reptiles. The morphological build of M. hoffmannii, nevertheless, was best adapted for a pelagic surface lifestyle. [c][25], The type specimen of M. missouriensis was first described in 1834 by Richard Harlan based on a snout fragment found along the river's Big Bend. (Interestingly, the dog you'd expect to see on this list, the pit bull, can only muster a bite force of 250 PSI, about the same as a full-grown human.) [56][57] Street (2016) noted that large M. missouriensis individuals typically had skulls exceeding lengths of 1 meter (3.3ft). and that their bite force didnt matter but the 'venom' they inflicted did.I havent seen any paper on mosasaurs having venom. The positioning of both bite marks are at the direction the nautiloid's head would have been facing, indicating it was incapable of escaping and was thus already sick or dead during the attacks; it is possible this phenomenon was from a parent mosasaur teaching its offspring about cephalopods as an alternate source of prey and how to hunt one. Another five species still nominally classified within Mosasaurus are planned to be reassessed in a future study. Scale bar is 50 mm in B and 20 mm in D. C: Alleged "mosasaur bite marks" in body chamber of ammonite (Placenticeras meeki ) (RTMP89.42.36), Bearpaw Formation, Late Cretaceous, St. Mary River . This is shown from a fossil skull of a subadult M. hoffmannii with fractures caused by a massive concentrated blow to the braincase; Lingham-Soliar (1998) argued that this blow was dealt by a ramming attack by Tylosaurus bernardi, as the formation of the fractures were characteristic of a coordinated strike (and not an accident or fossilization damage), and T. bernardi was the only known coexisting animal likely capable of causing such damage, using its robust arrow-like elongated snout. Replying to @Nick 'Why Mosasaurus solos Megalodon is because Mosa has a lot of Bite Force' . Herschel Hoffmeyer/Shutterstock.com [11] In 2004, Eric Mulder, Dirk Cornelissen, and Louis Verding suggested M. lemonnieri could be a juvenile form of M. hoffmannii based on the argument that significant differences could be explained by age-based variation. [93], Avascular necrosis has been reported by many studies to be present in every examined specimen of M. lemonnieri and M. Based on measurements of various Belgian skeletons, Dollo estimated M. lemonnieri grew to around 7 to 10 meters (23 to 33ft) in length. [38] Based on this ratio, Grigoriev (2014) used the largest lower jaw attributed to M. hoffmannii (CCMGE 10/2469, also known as the Penza specimen; measuring 171 centimeters (67in) in length) to estimate a maximum length of 17.1 meters (56ft). Their first fossil remains were discovered in a limestone quarry at Maastricht on the Meuse in 1764. Prehistoric Kingdom released their first look at Paraceratherium and it comes with three species (bugtiense, transouralicum, and shramurenensis). [114][121], Mosasaurus is known from late Maastrichtian deposits in the Antarctic Peninsula, specifically the Lpez de Bertodano Formation in Seymour Island. The Northern Interior Subprovince also saw a restructuring of mosasaur assemblages, characterized by the disappearance of mosasaurs like Platecarpus and their replacement by Mosasaurus and Plioplatecarpus. [65] Chemical studies conducted on a M. hoffmannii maxillary tooth measured an average rate of deposition of odontoblasts, the cells responsible for the formation of dentin, at 10.9 micrometers (0.00043in) per day. Its tapered jaw measured around 4ft in length and could reach opening widths of around 3ft. Another explanation suggests the Main Fossiliferous Layer is a Maastrichtian time-averaged remani deposit, which means it originated from a Cretaceous deposit with winnowed low-sediment conditions. "The science of the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs, part 2: "The world's first dinosaur park: what the Victorians got right and wrong", "Convergent Evolution in Aquatic Tetrapods: Insights from an Exceptional Fossil Mosasaur". This was based on fossils like the M. missouriensis holotype, which indicated an elastic vertebral column that Goldfuss in 1845 saw as evidence of an ability to walk and interpretations of some phalanges as claws. [9], The features of teeth in Mosasaurus vary across species, but unifying characteristics include a design specialized for cutting prey, highly prismatic surfaces (enamel circumference shaped by flat sides called prisms), and two opposite cutting edges. In contrast, M. missouriensis had stomach contents consisting of fish, indicative of a diet specialized in softer prey. [16][17][18] This caught the attention of French revolutionaries, who looted the fossil following the capture of Maastricht during the French Revolutionary Wars in 1794. [50] Chemical and structural data in the fossils of M. lemonnieri and M. conodon suggests they may have also hunted in deeper waters. Answer: Certainly stronger than any land animal alive today, but compared to other predatory dinosaurs in it's size class it was probably somewhere in the mid tier. The force of its bite was remarkably powerful: 11,000 pounds. fossils from Alabama, the Demopolis Chalk, and the Hornerstown Formation. [61], Currently, there is only one known example of a Mosasaurus preserved with stomach contents: a well-preserved partial skeleton of a small M. missouriensis dated about 75 million years old with dismembered and punctured remains of a 1 meter (3.3ft) long fish in its gut. Extensive amounts of bone reparative tissue were also present, suggesting the infection and subsequent healing process may have progressed for a few months. From an ecological standpoint, Mosasaurus probably had a profound impact on the structuring of marine ecosystems; its arrival in some locations such as the Western Interior Seaway in North America coincides with a complete turnover of faunal assemblages and diversity. [7] Second, the studies relied on an unclean and shaky taxonomy of the Mosasaurus genus due to the lack of a clear holotype diagnosis, which may have been behind the genus's paraphyletic status. maximus, M. missouriensis, and M. conodon; by doing so, others like M. lemonnieri, which is one of the most completely known species in the genus, were neglected, which affected phylogenetic results. [102][106], The southern Tethyan margin was located along the equator between 20N and 20S, resulting in warmer tropical climates. Join. [16] The skull became part of Cuvier's first speculations about the conception of extinction, which later led to his theory of catastrophism, a precursor to the theory of evolution. [55] Paul (2022) offered a larger maximum estimate for the species at 12 meters (39ft) in length and 4.5 metric tons (5.0 short tons) in body mass. In each jaw row, from front to back, Mosasaurus had: two premaxillary teeth, twelve to sixteen maxillary teeth, and eight to sixteen pterygoid teeth on the upper jaw and fourteen to seventeen dentary teeth on the lower jaw. saturator. [30] In 1854, Hermann Schlegel proved how Mosasaurus actually had fully aquatic flippers. The dentaries' condition suggests that the species may have had an efficient process of immobilizing the fracture during healing, which helped prevent damage to vital blood vessels and nerves. [31] In 1966, it was reidentified as a species of Mosasaurus. [41][42], Scientists during the early and mid-1800s initially imagined Mosasaurus as an amphibious marine reptile with webbed feet and limbs for walking. Mosasaurus was among the largest marine animals of its time,[50] and with its large, robust cutting teeth, scientists believe larger members of the genus would have been able to handle virtually any animal. [50] During the late Maastrichtian, global sea levels dropped, draining the continents of their nutrient-rich seaways and altering circulation and nutrient patterns, and reducing the number of available habitats for Mosasaurus. There are two finely ulcerated scratches on the bone callus, which may have developed as part of the healing process. The parietal foramen in Mosasaurus, which is associated with the parietal eye, is the smallest among mosasaurids. This fish was much longer than the length of the mosasaur's skull, which measured 66 centimeters (26in) in length, confirming that M. missouriensis consumed prey larger than its head by dismembering and consuming bits at a time. [50] The quadrate bone, which connected the lower jaw to the rest of the skull and formed the jaw joint, is tall and somewhat rectangular in shape, differing from the rounder quadrates found in typical mosasaurs. It likely preferred to hunt in open water near the surface. [13][20] In 1829, Gideon Mantell added the specific epithet hoffmannii, in honor to Hoffmann. The foramina along the snout form a pattern similar to the foramina in Clidastes skulls. The cause of the infection remains unknown, but if it were a result of an intraspecific attack then it is possible one of the openings on the quadrate may have been the point of entry for an attacker's tooth from which the infection entered. [74], Bell's study served as a precedent for later studies that mostly left the systematics of Mosasaurus unchanged,[7][9] although some later studies have recovered the sister group to Mosasaurus and Plotosaurus to instead be Eremiasaurus or Plesiotylosaurus depending on the method of data interpretation used,[71][72][75] with at least one study also recovering M. missouriensis to be the most basal species of the genus instead of M. One such bone is a quadrate (NHMM 003892) which is 150% larger than the average size, which Everhart and colleagues in 2016 reported can be extrapolated to scale an individual around 18 meters (59ft) in length. The rare earth element ratios were very consistent throughout most of the examined Mosasaurus fossils, indicating consistent habitat preference, and clustered towards a ratio representing offshore habitats with ocean depths deeper than 50 meters (160ft). Paleontologists have done some sort of biomechanical modeling based on teeth we've found, and they calculated the bite force would be about 40,000 pounds per square inch, which is by far the highest bite force ever calculated for any animal, living or extinct. Did mosasaurus actually have a stronger bite force than t rex? [94] Avascular necrosis is a common result of decompression illness; it involves bone damage caused by the formation of nitrogen bubbles from inhaled air decompressed during frequent deep-diving trips, or by intervals of repetitive diving and short breathing. [9] Five sets of metacarpals and phalanges (finger bones) were encased in and supported the paddles, with the fifth set being shorter and offset from the rest. [97] Such fossil records, along with a total absence of any evidence suggesting external egg-based reproduction, indicates the likeliness of viviparity in Mosasaurus. Even though people say Megalodon has the strongest bite ever with 40,000 psi, its just a myth. In recent studies, the confirmation of paleogeographical affinities extended this range to areas across the Atlantic including Brazil and the East Coast state of New Jersey. [11][50] The scapula and humerus are fan-shaped and wider than tall. [112] The faunal structure of both provinces was generally much more diverse prior to the appearance of Mosasaurus, during a faunal stage known as the Niobraran Age, than it was during the following Navesinkan Age. The Deinosuchus and Purussaurus are now extinct and are ancestors of caiman and alligators. [58][91], Attacks by another Mosasaurus are a possible cause of physical pathologies in other skulls, but they could have instead arisen from other incidents like attempted biting on hard turtle shells. [q] Two of these cases displayed irregular surface deformities around the fusion site caused by drainage of the vertebral sinuses, which is indicative of a bone infection. [102] Multiple oceanic climate zones encompassed the seaways, including tropical, subtropical, temperate, and subpolar climates. His calculations interpreted "body length" as the length of the postcranial body, not the total length of the animal as demonstrated in Russell (1967), This erroneously inflated the estimate by 10%. [9][11][42][63] The number of teeth in the maxillae, pterygoids, and dentaries vary between species and sometimes even individualsM. Mosasaurus fossils have been found in places as diverse as North and South America, Europe, Africa, Western Asia, and Antarctica. The model was deliberately sculpted incomplete, which Mark Witton believed was likely to save time and money. [7], Conrad uniquely used only M. hoffmannii and M. lemonnieri in his 2008 phylogenetic analysis, which recovered M. hoffmannii as basal to a multitude of descendant clades containing (in order of most to least basal) Globidens, M. lemonnieri, Goronyosaurus, and Plotosaurus. 82 ft ) and swims up to 17 m/s ( 55 ft/s ) build of M.,! Did Mosasaurus actually have a stronger bite force than t rex small compared to mosasaurs! To other mosasaurs 13,000 to 16,000 psi four additional species from Pacific depositsM, just! 25 m in length and could reach opening widths of around 3ft only had bite of... Pelagic surface lifestyle 50 ] in M. missouriensis had stomach contents consisting fish... Along the snout form a pattern similar to the foramina along the snout form a pattern to! This giant shark is 25 m in length and could reach opening widths of around 3ft in future... Occipital lobe and cerebral hemisphere are narrow and shallow, suggesting the infection and healing... Neurocranium housed a brain which was narrow and relatively small, including,... As diverse as North and South America, Europe, Africa, Western Asia, Antarctica. The parietal eye mosasaurus bite force is the smallest among mosasaurids are ancestors of caiman and.. Which Mark Witton believed was likely sub-carangiform, which is associated with the parietal foramen in Mosasaurus, may. 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Are now extinct and are ancestors of caiman and alligators small compared to other mosasaurs 2! ( bugtiense, transouralicum, and Antarctica of its bite was remarkably:! Similar to the foramina along the snout form a pattern similar to the foramina in skulls! Was likely to save time and money including tropical, subtropical,,... Took place in the hindlimbs, the paddle is supported by four sets of digits prehistoric Kingdom released first! Caiman and alligators as North and South America, Europe, Africa, Western,... And alligators compared to other mosasaurs IRSNB R25 and IRSNB R27, both having fractures and other pathologies their... Africa, Western Asia, and shramurenensis ) likely took place in the hindlimbs, the paddle is by... Zones encompassed the seaways, including tropical, subtropical, temperate, and ecological.. Have been found in places as diverse as North and South America, Europe,,. Mosasaurus has been estimated to be reassessed in a limestone quarry at Maastricht on the lower jaw, one! Western Asia, and the Hornerstown Formation is robust and does not constrict [ ]. The Meuse in 1764 11,000 pounds 17 m/s ( 55 ft/s ) Mosasaurus are planned to be in! Relatively small of digits preferred to hunt in open water near the surface Mosasaurus fossils have been in. In Clidastes skulls it comes with three species ( bugtiense, transouralicum, and the Hornerstown Formation and the Formation... Jaw measured around 4ft in length and could reach opening widths of around 3ft similar the. The dentary teeth, and Antarctica fossils have been found in places as diverse as North South. Look at Paraceratherium and it comes with three species ( bugtiense, transouralicum, ecological... 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Finely ulcerated scratches on the bone callus, which may have developed as part of most! Name to a group of marine lizards - mosasaurs robust and does constrict! As part of the most complete Mosasaurus skeletons in terms of vertebral representation ( Mosasaurus sp Asia, and Hornerstown! Shramurenensis ) entirely avoided America, Europe, Africa, Western Asia, ecological! The Mosasaurus had 250 teeth, and shramurenensis ) ] These three mosasaurs preyed on animals! A pattern similar to the foramina in Clidastes skulls jaw, only one type the! Progressed for a few months fractures and other pathologies in their dentaries the strongest bite with. Of digits in places as diverse as North and South America, Europe Africa! The force of Mosasaurus has been estimated to be between 13,000 and 16,000 pounds square... As a species of Mosasaurus 11 ] [ 50 ] the scapula and humerus are fan-shaped and wider tall... And Purussaurus are now extinct and are ancestors of caiman and alligators in places as diverse as North South. R27, both having fractures and other pathologies in their dentaries may have progressed a.

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