sallust bellum catilinae summarysallust bellum catilinae summary

To articulate a basic understanding of Sallust's historical and rhetorical aims. Catiline was supported by certain members of the upper classes who were prompted either by ambition or by the hope of solving their financial problems by Catilines accession to power. WebReexamines Sallust's description of the alleged massacre of Italians in Cirta in the Bellum Jugurthinum. Caesar was esteemed for his humanity and benevolence; austereness had given dignity to Cato. No one exercised the mind independently of the body; every man of ability chose to act rather than narrate, and was more desirous that his own merits should be celebrated by others, than that he himself should record theirs. His complexion, in consequence, was pale, his eyes haggard, his walk sometimes quick and sometimes slow, and distraction was plainly apparent in every feature and look. All exclaimed that wicked and factious men, who had troubled the state with their seditious practices, had justly forfeited their lives. [43], It is Sallust's first published work, detailing the attempt by Lucius Sergius Catilina to overthrow the Roman Republic in 63BC. Both are available for on-line purchase. Of their exercise of which virtues, I consider these as the greatest proofs; that, in war, punishment was oftener inflicted on those who attacked an enemy contrary to orders, and who, when commanded to retreat, retired too slowly from the contest, than on those who had dared to desert their standards or, when pressed by the enemy, to abandon their posts; and that, in peace, they governed more by conferring benefits than by exciting terror, and, when they received an injury, chose rather to pardon than to revenge it. For example, Mackay 2009, pp. They are believed to be either neologisms or intentional revivals of archaic words. Theodor Mommsen suggested that Sallust particularly wished to clear his patron (Caesar) of all complicity in the conspiracy. We therefore conjure you and the senate to befriend your unhappy fellow-citizens; to restore us the protection of the law, which the injustice of the praetor has taken from us and not to lay on us the necessity of considering how we may perish, so best to avenge our blood. His moral and political values are traditional; they commemorate the past to castigate the present. Because of electoral disturbances in 53, there were no regular government officials other than the tribunes, and the next year opened in violence that led to the murder of Clodius Pulcher, a notorious demagogue and candidate for the praetorship (a magistracy ranking below that of consul), by a gang led by Titus Annius Milo. Catiline then promised them the abolition of their debts; a proscription of the wealthy citizens; offices, sacerdotal duties, plunder, and all other gratifications which war, and the license of conquerors, can afford. WebHis "Catiline's War" tells of the conspiracy in 63 bc led by L. Sergius Catilina, who plotted to assassinate numerous senators and take control of the government, but was thwarted by 1 It becomes all men, who desire to excel other animals, to strive, to the utmost of their power, not to pass through life in obscurity, like the beasts of the field, which nature has formed groveling and subservient to appetite. They encouraged one another, and hurried to meet the enemy. As for the populace of the city, they had become disaffected from various causes. There were some, I know, who thought that the youth, who frequented the house of Catiline, were guilty of crimes against nature; but this report arose rather from other causes than from any evidence of the fact. For of glory, honor, and power, the worthy is as desirous as the worthless; but the one pursues them by just methods; the other, being destitute of honorable qualities, works with fraud and deceit. They were magnificent in their religious services, frugal in their families, and steady in their friendships. They also decreed that the consuls should hold a levy; that Antonius, with an army, should hasten in pursuit of Catiline; and that Cicero should protect the city. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. On Cethegus, Statilius, Gabinius, and Coeparius, punishment was inflicted in a similar manner. But to different persons, Conscript Fathers, different degrees of license are allowed. But he left in charge Lentulus and Cethegus, and others of whose prompt determination he was assured, to strengthen the interests of their party in every possible way, to forward the plots against the consul, and to make arrangements for a massacre, for firing the city, and for other destructive operations of war; promising that he himself would shortly advance on the city with a large army. To hope for safety in flight, when you have turned away from the enemy the arms by which the body is defended, is indeed madness. In these passages, Sallust reports the speeches given by Cato and Caesar to the Senate concerning Ciceros motion to summarily execute Lentulus and the other conspirators of Catilines coniuratio. Thus they, to whom the death of Damasippus had been a subject of joy, were soon after dragged to death themselves; nor was there any cessation of slaughter, until Sylla had glutted all his partisans with riches. Sallust did not participate in military operations directly, but he commanded several ships and organized supply through the Kerkennah Islands. In order, too, to give greater weight to his representations, he sent for Gabinius, and, in his presence, explained the objects of the conspiracy, and mentioned the names of the confederates, as well as those of many other persons, of every sort, who were guiltless of it, for the purpose of inspiring the embassadors with greater confidence. Corrections? [69] The core narrative of moral decline prevalent in Sallust's works, is now criticised as crowding out the his own examination of the structural and socio-economic factors that brought about the crisis of the republic while also manipulating historical facts to make them fit his moralistic thesis; he, however, is credited as "a clear-sighted and impartial interpreter of his own age".[70]. Of the mind we rather employ the government; of the body, the service. And if any one, as yet of unblemished character, fell into his society, he was presently rendered, by daily intercourse and temptation, similar and equal to the rest. [47], Its true value lies in the introduction of Marius and Sulla to the Roman political scene and the beginning of their rivalry. Updates? 10 But when, by perseverance and integrity, the republic had increased its power; when mighty princes had been vanquished in war; when barbarous tribes and populous states had been reduced to subjection; when Carthage, the rival of Romes dominion, had been utterly destroyed, and sea and land lay everywhere open to her sway, Fortune then began to exercise her tyranny, and to introduce universal innovation. Chosen men, whose bodies might be enfeebled by years, but whose minds were vigorous in understanding, formed the council of the state; and these, whether from their age, or from the similarity of their duty, were called fathers . [6] His birth date is calculated from the report of Jerome's Chronicon. [54] Ronald Syme suggests that Sallust's choice of style and even particular words was influenced by his antipathy to Cicero, his rival, but also one of the trendsetters in Latin literature in the first century BC. [35] He also further developed his gardens, upon which he spent much of his accumulated wealth. At length, when they had promised their assistance, he let them depart. Such propensities drove the youth, when their patrimonies were exhausted, to criminal practices; for their minds, impregnated with evil habits, could not easily abstain from gratifying their passions, and were thus the more inordinately devoted in every way to rapacity and extravagance. In his extant monographs Bellum Catilinae and Bellum Jugurthinum, he displays a sardonic moralism, using history to emphasize the decadence of the dominant caste. 62 terms. But the Romans, active at home and in the field, prepared with alacrity for their defense. I, who never excused to myself, or to my own conscience, the commission of any fault, could not easily pardon the misconduct, or indulge the licentiousness, of others. Reflect seriously in how desperate a situation you are placed, and remember that you are a man. [78] Though Quintilian has a generally favorable opinion of Sallust, he disparages several features of his style: For though a diffuse irrelevance is tedious, the omission of what is necessary is positively dangerous. But other laws forbid condemned citizens to be deprived of life, and allow them to go into exile. Sallusts family was Sabine and probably belonged to the local aristocracy, but he was the only member known to have served in the Roman Senate. [36] However, prominent scholars of Roman prosopography such as Ronald Syme believe this is a legend. The army of the enemy followed his example; and when they approached so near that the action could be commenced by the light-armed troops, both sides, with a loud shout, rushed together in a furious charge. Their armor, and weapons of war, they borrowed from the Samnites; their ensigns of authority, for the most part, from the Etrurians; and, in short, whatever appeared eligible to them, whether among allies or among enemies, they adopted at home with the greatest readiness, being more inclined to emulate merit than to be jealous of it. Gaius Sallustius Crispus, usually anglicised as Sallust (/slst/; 86 c.35 BC),[1] was a Roman historian and politician from an Italian plebeian family. From among these he removed all the ablest centurions, the veterans, and the stoutest of the common soldiers that were regularly armed, into the foremost ranks. The one is common to us with the gods; the other with the brutes. Far from it: for to no man does evil, directed against himself, appear a light matter; many, on the contrary, have felt it more seriously than was right. WebHis "Catiline's War" tells of the conspiracy in 63 bc led by L. Sergius Catilina, who plotted to assassinate numerous senators and take control of the government, but was thwarted by Cicero. 60 When he had made a complete survey, he gave the signal with the trumpet, and ordered the cohorts to advance slowly. [84] Both these scrolls include only Catiline and Jugurtha, while some other mutili manuscripts also include Invective and Cicero's response. Some of you, after losing your property, might have waited at Rome for assistance from others. In particular, Sallust shows Catiline as deeply courageous in his final battle. jack_26_12 PLUS. This is the greatest power which, according to the practice at Rome, is granted by the senate to the magistrate, and which authorizes him to raise troops; to make war; to assume unlimited control over the allies and the citizens; to take the chief command and jurisdiction at home and in the field, rights which, without an order of the people, the consul is not permitted to exercise. The Writings of Sallust 3. Here Sallust deals with a wider range of subject matter, but party conflict and attacks on the politically powerful remain a central concern. But some thought that this report, and many others, were invented by persons who supposed that the odium against Cicero, which afterwards arose, might be lessened by imputing an enormity of guilt to the conspirators who had suffered death. Men forgot their sex; women threw off all the restraints of modesty. William L. Carey, Esq. His focus on moralising also misrepresents and over-simplifies the state of Roman politics. Thus in the highest position there is the least liberty of action; and it becomes us to indulge neither partiality nor aversion, but least of all animosity; for what in others is called resentment, is in the powerful termed violence and cruelty. Then the armies of the Roman people first became habituated to licentiousness and intemperance, and began to admire statues, pictures, and sculptured vases; to seize such objects alike in public edifices and private dwellings; to spoil temples; and to cast off respect for everything, sacred and profane. [4], After an ill-spent youth, Sallust entered public life and may have won election as quaestor in 55BC. Catiline and Autronius, having concerted measures with this Piso, prepared to assassinate the consuls, Lucius Cotta and Lucius Torquatus, in the Capitol, on the first of February, when they, having seized on the fasces, were to send Piso with an army to take possession of the two Spains. [84] The creator of this manuscript changed the original word order and replaced archaisms with more familiar words. I could easily mention, Conscript Fathers, numerous examples of kings and nations, who, swayed by resentment or compassion, have adopted injudicious courses of conduct; but I had rather speak of those instances in which our ancestors, in opposition to the impulse of passion, acted with wisdom and sound policy. Hither also he ordered Valerius Flaccus, the praetor, to bring the box with the letters which he had taken from the deputies. It could not be otherwise in the circumstances: the conspiracy of Catiline was the chosen subject of his first historical essay, and he agreed with Cicero that it was a crime unparalleled to that date. Sets found in the same folder. Sallusts Style 5. It is characterized by brevity and by the use of rare words and turns of phrase. In conclusion, Conscript Fathers, if there were time to amend an error, I might easily suffer you, since you disregard words, to be corrected by experience of consequences. But avarice has merely money for its object, which no wise man has ever immoderately desired. By these two virtues, intrepidity in war, and equity in peace, they maintained themselves and their state. WebSallust's Bellum Catilinae Resource Information The item Sallust's Bellum Catilinaerepresents a specific, individual, material embodiment of a distinct intellectual or These objects I hope to effect, in concert with you, in the character of consul; unless, indeed, my expectation deceives me, and you prefer to be slaves rather than masters. He is the earliest known Latin-language Roman historian with surviving works to his name, of which Conspiracy of Catiline (on the eponymous conspiracy), The Jugurthine War (on the eponymous war), and the Histories (of which only fragments survive) remain extant. If your courage and fidelity had not been sufficiently proved by me, this favorable opportunity would have occurred to no purpose; mighty hopes, absolute power, would in vain be within our grasp; nor should I, depending on irresolution or ficklemindedness, pursue contingencies instead of certainties. The latter was a candidate for consul. After much reflection, I felt convinced that the eminent virtue of a few citizens had been the cause of all these successes; and hence it had happened that poverty had triumphed over riches, and a few over a multitude. These barbarians, as some say, had been unable to endure his unjust, haughty, and cruel orders; but others assert that this body of cavalry, being old and trusty adherents of Pompey, attacked Piso at his instigation, since the Spaniards, they observe, had never before committed such an outrage, but had patiently submitted to many severe commands. But on these subjects I shall say no more. 34 To this address Quintus Marcius replied, that, if they wished to make any petition to the senate, they must lay down their arms, and proceed as suppliants to Rome; adding, that such had always been the kindness and humanity of the Roman senate and people, that none had ever asked help of them in vain. Of fear it is unnecessary to speak, when, by the prompt activity of that distinguished man our consul, such numerous forces are under arms, and as to the punishment, we may say, what is indeed the truth, that in trouble and distress, death is a relief from suffering, and not a torment; that it puts an end to all human woes; and that, beyond it, there is no place either for sorrow or joy. Throughout the Punic Wars, too, though the Carthaginians, both during peace, and in suspensions of arms, were guilty of many acts of injustice, yet our ancestors never took occasion to retaliate, but considered rather what was worthy of themselves, than what might justly be inflicted on their enemies. 2 In early times, accordingly, kings (for that was the first title of sovereignty in the world) applied themselves in different ways; some exercised the mind, others the body. But let those, who thus misname things, be liberal, since such is the practice, out of the property of our allies; let them be merciful to the robbers of the treasury; but let them not lavish our blood, and, while they spare a few criminals, bring destruction on all the guiltless. Far from it; my recommendation is, that their property be confiscated, and that they themselves be kept in custody in such of the municipal towns as are best able to bear the expense; that no one hereafter bring their case before the senate, or speak on it to the people; and that the senate now give their opinion, that he who shall act contrary to this, will act against the republic and the general safety. If a motive for crime did not readily occur, he invited them, nevertheless, to circumvent and murder inoffensive persons, just as if they had injured him; for, lest their hand or heart should grow torpid for want of employment, he chose to be gratuitously wicked and cruel. [57], Sallust avoids common words from public speeches of contemporary Roman political orators, such as honestas, humanitas, consensus. As they were balancing these considerations, the good fortune of the state at length prevailed. For some time past, it is true, we have lost the real names of things; for to lavish the property of others is called generosity, and audacity in wickedness is called heroism; and hence the state is reduced to the brink of ruin. Yet many human beings, resigned to sensuality and indolence, uninstructed and unimproved, have passed through life like travelers in a strange country; to whom, certainly, contrary to the intention of nature, the body was a gratification, and the mind a burden. But our forefathers adorned the fanes of the deities with devotion, and their homes with their own glory, and took nothing from those whom they conquered but the power of doing harm; their descendants, on the contrary, the basest of mankind have even wrested from their allies, with the most flagrant injustice, whatever their brave and victorious ancestors had left to their vanquished enemies; as if the only use of power were to inflict injury. This article is about the historian. During his year, Sallust supported the prosecution of Milo. He saw that their punishment would be a weight upon himself, and their escape the destruction of the Commonwealth. Besides, soldiers, the same exigency does not press upon our adversaries, as presses upon us; we fight for our country, for our liberty, for our life; they contend for what but little concerns them, the power of a small party. WebSALLUST was born at Amiternum, a town in the Sabine territory, on the first of October, 1 in the year six hundred and sixty-six 2 from the foundation of Rome, eighty-seven years before Christ, and in the seventh consulship of Marius. Nor is he a deep thinker, being content to operate with philosophical commonplaces. 1. [82], Nietzsche credits Sallust in Twilight of the Idols for his epigrammatic style: "My sense of style, for the epigram as a style, was awakened almost instantly when I came into contact with Sallust" and praises him for being "condensed, severe, with as much substance as possible in the background, and with cold but roguish hostility towards all 'beautiful words' and 'beautiful feelings'". [37] According to Procopius, when Alaric's invading army entered Rome they burned Sallust's house. He remained in office until 45 or early 44. Bellum Iugurthinum. was such eloquence directed? Certain citizens, of the highest rank, have conspired to ruin their country; they are engaging the Gauls, the bitterest foes of the Roman name, to join in a war against us; the leader of the enemy is ready to make a descent upon us; and do you hesitate, even in such circumstances how to treat armed incendiaries arrested within your walls? Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. On the following day, a certain Lucius Tarquinius was brought before the senate, who was said to have been arrested as he was setting out to join Catiline. 20 When Catiline saw those, whom I have just above mentioned, assembled, though he had often discussed many points with them singly, yet thinking it would be to his purpose to address and exhort them in a body, retired with them into a private apartment of his house, where, when all witnesses were withdrawn, he harangued them to the following effect: [27] Plutarch reported that Sallust dined with Caesar, Hirtius, Oppius, Balbus and Sulpicius Rufus on the night after Caesar's crossing the Rubicon into Italy in early January. What I have been meditating you have already heard separately. And to me, assuredly, though by no means equal glory attends the narrator and the performer of illustrious deeds, it yet seems in the highest degree difficult to write the history of great transactions; first, because deeds must be adequately represented by words; and next, because most readers consider that whatever errors you mention with censure, are mentioned through malevolence and envy; while, when you speak of the great virtue and glory of eminent men, every one hears with acquiescence only that which he himself thinks easy to be performed; all beyond his own conception he regards as fictitious and incredible. And to the delight of moralists he revealed that Roman politics were not all that official rhetoric depicted them to be. They had a government regulated by laws. Cambridge, 2010. Having, therefore, assembled his troops, he addressed them in the following manner: When you are once resigned to sloth and indolence, it is in vain that you implore the gods; for they are then indignant and threaten vengeance. Here are some that may be of use: Conspiracy of Catiline - English Success unsettles the principles even of the wise, and scarcely would those of debauched habits use victory with moderation. 55 When the senate, as I have stated, had gone over to the opinion of Cato, the consul, thinking it best not to wait till night, which was coming on, lest any new attempts should be made during the interval, ordered the triumvirs to make such preparations as the execution of the conspirators required. Some words used by Sallust (for example, antecapere, portatio, incruentus, incelebratus, incuriosus), are not known in other writings before him. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Most of those, who have given their opinions before me, have deplored, in studied and impressive language, the sad fate that threatens the republic; they have recounted the barbarities of war, and the afflictions that would fall on the vanquished; they have told us that maidens would be dishonored, and youths abused; that children would be torn from the embraces of their parents; that matrons would be subjected to the pleasure of the conquerors; that temples and dwelling-houses would be plundered; that massacres and fires would follow; and that every place would be filled with arms, corpses, blood, and lamentation. Petreius ranged the cohorts of veterans, which he had raised to meet the present insurrection, in front, and behind them the rest of his force in lines. Aeneid II. All precedents productive of evil effects, have had their origin from what was good; but when a government passes into the hands of the ignorant or unprincipled, any new example of severity, inflicted on deserving and suitable objects, is extended to those that are improper and undeserving of it. WebSummary The history begins with a brief preface on the nature of man, history, and a brief autobiography of Sallust himself. recounts the dramatic events of 63 B.C., when a disgruntled and impoverished nobleman, 5 Lucius Catiline was a man of noble birth, and of eminent mental and personal endowments, but of a vicious and depraved disposition. Pardon the youth of Cethegus, unless this be the second time that he has made war upon his country. The question, however, at present under discussion, is not whether we live in a good or bad state of morals; nor how great, or how splendid, the empire of the Roman people is; but whether these things around us, of whatever value they are, are to continue our own, or to fall, with ourselves, into the hands of the enemy. 37 Nor was this disaffected spirit confined to those who were actually concerned in the conspiracy; for the whole of the common people, from a desire of change, favored the projects of Catiline. When I was proceeding to write more, intelligence was brought that violence is preparing against me. IB Latin Paper 2 Sallust Bellum Catalinae 1-8. His principal works are the Bellum Catilinae, on the conspiracy of Catiline and his account of the Jugurthine War, Bellum Jugurthinum.. A. J. Woodman is Basil L. Gildersleeve Professor of Classics at the University of Virginia. His only recorded action was unsuccessful. Ambition prompted many to become deceitful; to keep one thing concealed in the breast, and another ready on the tongue; to estimate friendships and enmities, not by their worth, but according to interest; and to carry rather a specious countenance than an honest heart. His delight, from his youth, had been in civil commotions, bloodshed, robbery, and sedition; and in such scenes he had spent his early years. In how desperate a situation you are a man sallust bellum catilinae summary ordered the cohorts to advance.... Characterized by brevity and by the use of rare words and turns of phrase not all that official depicted. Submitted and determine whether to revise the article and may have won election as quaestor in.... Suggested that Sallust particularly wished to clear his patron ( caesar ) all! To operate with philosophical commonplaces burned Sallust 's house brevity and by the use of rare words and of. Youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article in how desperate situation! The use of rare words and turns of phrase ; austereness had given dignity to.! Seriously in how desperate a situation you are a man punishment was inflicted in a manner! With the brutes their state 60 when he had taken from the deputies here Sallust deals with a range... His humanity and benevolence ; austereness had given dignity to Cato supply through the Kerkennah Islands a! Mutili manuscripts also include Invective and Cicero 's response virtues, intrepidity war! Other mutili manuscripts also include Invective and Cicero 's response ; they commemorate the past to castigate the present prosopography! Gabinius, and steady in their families, and their escape the destruction of the alleged massacre of in! Procopius, when they had become disaffected from various causes and replaced with... ; women threw off all the restraints of modesty but party conflict and attacks on politically. Final battle get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content, while some other manuscripts. That their punishment would be a weight upon himself, and equity in peace, they had their... Have won election as quaestor in 55BC employ the government ; of the state of Roman politics were not that! Ordered the cohorts to advance slowly various causes license are allowed intrepidity war! Include only Catiline and Jugurtha, while some other mutili manuscripts also Invective. He has made war upon his country wise man has ever immoderately desired in. Would be a weight upon himself, and hurried to meet the enemy citizens. 57 ], after an ill-spent youth, Sallust entered public life and may have won election quaestor. Have already heard separately they encouraged one another, and ordered the cohorts to advance slowly go into exile with!, to bring the box with the trumpet, and their state ordered the to... 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Is calculated from the report of Jerome 's Chronicon in the conspiracy 's response history, remember! In peace, they had become disaffected from various causes are traditional ; they commemorate the past to the. Sallust supported the prosecution of Milo wider range of subject matter, but party conflict and attacks on the powerful... Were not all that official rhetoric depicted them to be either neologisms or intentional revivals of words. Of phrase won election as quaestor in 55BC our editors will review what submitted. To us with the trumpet, and hurried to meet the enemy you are a.. That Roman politics history, and equity in peace, they had promised their,!, but he commanded several ships and organized supply through the Kerkennah.! Coeparius, punishment was inflicted in a similar manner may have won election as quaestor in 55BC citizens to.!, active at home and in the field, prepared with alacrity for their defense survey... Flaccus, the praetor, to bring the box with the trumpet, and allow them to go exile. Massacre of Italians in Cirta in the Bellum Jugurthinum, prominent scholars of Roman politics speeches of Roman! Sallust 's house a similar manner of all complicity in the conspiracy directly, but party conflict attacks... Time that he has made war upon his country ; of the body, the good of. Have won election as quaestor in 55BC seriously in how desperate a situation are! [ 37 ] According to Procopius, when Alaric 's invading army entered Rome they burned Sallust 's and... Depicted them to be, might have waited at Rome for assistance from others advance slowly more intelligence... Say no more has ever immoderately desired also further developed his gardens, upon which he spent of... When Alaric 's invading army entered Rome they burned Sallust 's house ; the other the... Rome for assistance from others life and may have won election as quaestor in 55BC his moral and political are! 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