This white colored fabric is ideal of reflecting light up onto plants and is very useful for growing roses and other similar flowers and plants. This is why its important to put
Otherwise, it can become difficult to fully cover the fabric with mulch or gravel due to peaks and folds in the fabric. Have you tired to use the same plastic a second year? If the goal is to find a durable, nonwoven fabric for any landscape situation, the HOOPLE weed barrier fits the bill. If desired, you can run the pieces long and trim them later; it's better to have too much fabric than too little. Wise gardeners avoid it. Another question about the template. Will be growing mostly stock, few chocolate flower, and other hardy annuals. Erin, thank you so much for these posts, they are so generous! prospect. Looking forward to trying out this method this year! $16.75. better grip to the ground. Thank you so much!!! My husband is going to make me a template like yours with the metal. Ive been wanting to start a peony patch. Many products require the user to cover them with decorative mulch, gravel, or crushed stone to prevent damage from the sun, but it isnt necessary with this landscape fabric due to the UV-stabilized polypropylene material. Any tips? Install one pin for every foot of landscape fabric. I have major weeds and grass growing through the holes. Thanks! $14.93. Stone ground covers can be raked off and hosed down to remove accumulated dirt. We remove the fabric and plant a cover crop. Do you plant Dahlias under landscape fabric ? A random thought as I looked at all that fabric and how much land it covered; have you ever had any critters (ie. hide it and provide a more natural garden bed look. Oh my! When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. I cant see you not cutting them to fit you plots, but I thought Id ask. Our landscape crew loves how easy the edging is to work with, How to Control Weeds with Landscape Fabric, Introducing: DeWitt Mocha Knitted Shade Cloth. Some users also put sand or gravel underneath the landscaping fabric to help level the ground,, though this isnt necessary. I second this statement! We have a terrible time with moles and they wreaked havoc on the landscape fabric and the worst part is that the birds picked up the frayed threads and used them for their nests. This information has been invaluable and I look forward to purchasing the book soon. We very nearly copied your ideas with the 9 spacing and it has turned out very nearly perfect. By Heather Blackmore and Timothy Dale | Updated May 26, 2022 10:53 AM. Just came across your blog and just love everything about it!? For installations like these, ground cover fabric
Is it necessary to use drip irrigation or soaker hoses under the landscape fabric, or can I simply water the rows daily? Laying down landscape fabric is the easiest and often the most effective method for fighting weeds. I will need this probably next year. In addition, you should use a rake or hoe to properly smooth the soil so that the landscaping fabric lays completely flat. Once you have pinned down landscape fabric, it is best not to pull it back up. After the fabric is removed, we shake off the excess dirt, fold it up, and store it away for the next season. Thanks so much for putting it back up. Thank you so much for sharing your wealth of knowledge! Success!! I am just soaking it in and dreaming big dreams , got babies at home so it will have to be slow and simple for now. Why avoid the landscape fabric with fuzzy underside? Often made of polypropylene or linen, woven landscape fabric is the most common weed barrier best suited for flower beds and areas around trees and shrubs. Thank you for your help! Don't take that risk with your lawn, garden, or Heres an excellent blog post from Floret Flower Farm on how to use it, and heres the brand I love in case you want to give it a [], Excellent post. It serves the usual purpose of landscape fabric by preventing the growth of weeds, but this product also improves the stability of the ground. If you're adding plants in the area, make an X-shaped incision in the landscape fabric for each plant, using scissors or a utility knife. I have the reference guide from the mini online 4 part course. Thank you. Im interested in a cutting garden for household use, and will adapt a lot of this information! Fabric does not eliminate all the weeds,
I hav read compost tea a couple kf times now in your posts. Growing up in N.Calif., I enjoyed my sisters Organic produce farm for 30 years,it definitely is a product I found online which has the holes pre-perforated in landscape fabric where you can choose which ones to punch out and use. Can you tell me if it is to late to plant Lisisanthus and Larkspur in my zone 6 ? Xeriscaping or places where there are mostly rocky beds with plants that do
Landscape fabric is a weed barrier, but not all weed barriers are landscape fabric. We then pulled apart and wham a single legnth ready to go down on Drip Tape. this sounds like a miracle product even for my small home veggie and flower garden! Thanks for this content. For more similar suppliers, including suppliers of industrial woven fabrics, mildew resistant fabrics, landscaping materials, barrier fabrics, and nursery supplies, consult our additional guidesor visit theThomas Supplier Discovery Platform. And moisture retention seems to be greatly increased too. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Sometimes we do directly plant into the landscape fabric, but most often to extend our season, we start our seeds in the greenhouse first. How are the plastics stored? Chris Barnett. landscape fabric is a spunbond fabric that blocks weeds for a beautiful appearance. Your blog posts have been SUCH a help..<3. Despite the UV protective coating, this landscape fabric requires a layer of mulch after installation to protect it from direct sun exposure. Our garage has a large concrete floor and plenty of big doors that can be rolled open for good ventilation. Thank you for your thoughtful post, detailed outline, and genuine love of flowers. Hopefully Ill get the whole thing (almost) covered. Traps and bait have done nothing so far. Thankyou for all the information you share! Needle punching offers stability on slopes & slight moisture absorption
Thank so much for sharing. Looking forward to trying this with flowers and our vegetable garden. Dewitt SBLT6300 Sunbelt Woven Weed Barrier Landscape Fabric Ground Cover, 6-Foot Width x 300 Feet 1 offer from $139.99 HongWay 240pcs Landscape Staples, 6 Inch 11 Gauge Galvanized Garden Stakes and U-Shaped Pins for Landscaping Fabric Weed Barrier Irrigation Tubing The purpose of landscape fabric is to prevent weed growth. ??? Thanks for the helpful article. Erin does this and Erin does that. Leaving the fabric exposed to sun will shorten its lifespan. Designed for use under driveways or roadways, this ArmorLay woven landscape fabric comes in 30-, 60- or 300-foot lengths and widths of either six or 12.5 feet. Vanessa, We just bought a home with a backyard big enough for our very own cutting garden and Im itching to get started on growing dahlias the Floret way. Thankyou for all of the inspiring advice you provide. You may need additional pin rows depending on the
Another extremely timely post!! I didnt want to use it on the vegetable garden that we would eat vegetables from. This weed barrier offers excellent quality as well as being cost efficient. Im thankful for your experienced & detailed advice, it will save me so much time!!! A spunbonded polypropylene, its continuous fibers mean it won't easily unravel or fray. A great read! Do you ever have problems with rodents chewing through your drip tape and struggling to fix it through the fabric? In vegetable and flower gardens, gardeners frequently move or change plants, and access to the soil is vital to the health of the garden. The solution coats the worms & grubs, & the moles dont like the taste of them, so leave. Do you use fabric for bulbs as well? Sincerely Anna McCall. In
The contractors choice for landscape and geotextile projects. How to Plant Grass Seed on Hard Dirt and Get It to Grow. This style of landscape veers from a traditional garden
Every year I grow with fabric mulch and the fight gets worse. Dewitt white landscape fabric is permeable and can breathe, enabling water
Hi Jessica no, we do not use fabric with bulbs. polypropylene fabric, this Sunbelt landscape fabric resists punctures, tears and weed growth, as well as UV rays so it lasts year after year. Fantastic! Thomas uses cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. This article easy to understand and help to stop weed very effectively. DeWitt Excelsior Erosion Control Blanket. snakes) harass you from beneath the fabric? The Black color will prevent light penetration
They are usually made from thick polypropylene that blocks UV rays. Discard the loosened rocks and debris as you rake until the soil surface is smooth and flat. For example a 6 wide roll will require 1 pin on each end of the
Folded or rolled up on something like conduit or PVC? How do you hold up the the flower netting? Find and evaluate OEMs, Custom Manufacturers, Service Companies and Distributors. rock beds. use is at a premium. (I live in Texas and the soil isnt the best. All Rights Reserved. Ive amended the soil, rototilled it, got the sheet metal templates and cut it, got the landscape fabric for burning the holes and have seed on the go. Arizona
Thats exactly what Ive been needing! This can be done by using a
I really follow your idea. As always thank you for the lovely post, this one will make life easier this year!!! I was trying to get as much done as I could because the temps were going to drop from 65 to 33 degrees by late evening. Id like to know, too, what you do to deter them. Remember by clicking on (SUBSCRIBE) you will be helping me grow my channel. You can learn more about our approach to intensive growing, including more about spacing, in my post How to Grow More Flowers than You Ever Thought Possible. We use Punch N Plant Weed block which is a newer? It worked, & I may try this again; even though I have a bigger space. It's very easy to work with as it's pre-cut into various sizes. Landscaping fabric is typically secured with pins that pierce the fabric and hold it to the ground, like stakes for a tent. and is specifically useful for growing roses. However, in order to properly assess each product, it was necessary to take into account the size, material, thickness, and overall quality of each landscape fabric. Those labeled UV stabilized have been chemically coated to repel ultraviolet light. During the earliest months of spring, we get a lot of intense wind storms (gusts of up to 40 to 60 mph) that roll through our valley. Home gardeners and professional landscapers alike, choose DeWitt products for all the landscaping needs. Thanks! You can trust their product line because they truly are the leading pioneers in ground covers, weed protection, wall retention and flower beds. However, since they compact the soil thereby reducing essential air and insects that are beneficial for soil health, these fabrics are only really recommended for use in areas that will never be planted. I really appreciate your valuable information. Question So how about if you are using the landscape fabric in your garden to plant pre-started plants in. I jumped up and down when I saw your template and I also have a small torch! Its a bit of a project, but metal is the lightest and longest-lasting option. Thank you so much for taking the time and effort to share your story and experiences with the rest of us! varieties: Desert Broom Purslane, Pigweed,
Learn more about our top picks for the best commercial landscape fabric for contractors, landscapers or farmers, below. Most quality landscape fabric is made of spun synthetic-fiber material that blocks sunlight but permits the passage of some water and air. This spacing works for really large plants like branching sunflowers and eucalyptus. Thank you! Dig out all vegetation. I put it in a Blendtec with water & made a nice liquid out of it. This landscape fabric roll measures 4 feet wide by 50 feet long, which is an excellent size for small garden beds, while the thickness of 1.5 ounces per square yard is suitable for low-traffic areas. Expert advice from Bob Vila, the most trusted name in home improvement, home remodeling, home repair, and DIY. Originally published in 2016; Updated in 2020. The thickness of this fabric makes it even less likely
Please. Really looking forward to this information about the tea. Great tip about landscape fabric,total game changer. DeWitt Sunbelt. Anyway in the rush of having only a couple of hours left to work, I almost uncovered the beds to put the irrigation tape down, but then realized I hadnt bought my weeding torch yet and needed to burn the holes first (and of course, not in the hose too). Can you please tell me what the brand name is of the drip line you use? DeWitt Bulk Protection Underliner is designed to protect liners in pools, ponds and waterways. Why do you say to stay away from fuzzy bottomed fabric? Thank you for sharing this. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Inspiring stories, profiles & advice from 45 flower growers from around the world, STAY IN THE LOOP ON ALL THE EXCITING HAPPENINGS HERE ON THE FARM, Join the Floret newsletter and stay in the loop on all the exciting happenings here on the farm, How to Grow More Flowers than You Ever Thought Possible, Flower Farming for Beginners: How to Grow Flowers for Profit - Goose Creek Homestead, https://plantswhisper.co.uk/best-weed-membranes/. The fabric separates the cover material from the soil, keeping stone and gravel clean and slowing the inevitable breakdown of organic mulch. Choose thinner, perforated options for these applications. but greatly reduces the seed that get spread and germinate in the soil. This white woven polypropylene ground cover is perfect for general purpose weed barriers that allows for the absorbency of water, air and nutrients through the material, while blocking the light required for the growth of weeds. This is a woven white polypropylene fabric that is very thick, is UV protective and can double as a frost blanket. We highly recommend using a handheld Bernzomatic TS4000 Trigger Start Torch attachment, which screws onto a 14-ounce disposable propane canister, available at your local hardware store. Following your instructions from previous posts got me using lanscape fabric for most of my flowers last year, which was my first. Whether the landscaping fabric is covered with mulch or not, UV stabilizers prevent it from rotting when exposed to direct sunlight, so users can rely on this landscape fabric to prevent weed growth for years. The fewer and smaller the holes you put in the fabricthe better. Looks like Farmers Friend is going to be offering precut landscape fabric very soon! Contractor Select Plus 2.5 oz is a superior quality fabric formed by thermally bonding polypropylene filament fibers. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. I am an aspiring and budding farmer of flowers, but specifically peonies. Great for use in greenhouses, pathways in large vegetable gardens, and even under flower beds, this landscaping fabric is versatile enough for most landscaping needs. Its funny how I explain things to him. DeWitt White Woven Landscape Fabric Weed Barrier 19 INCHES X 300 FEET 5 PACK $80.00 Free shipping DeWitt Sunbelt 3.2oz 6' x 300' Woven Weed Barrier Landscape Fabric Ground Cover (64) $129.99 Was: $209.99 Free shipping 137 sold DeWitt 15 Year Ultra Web Weed Barrier Landscape Fabric 12'x300' Roll FOLDED!!! I have friends who make templates out of plywood, but Id recommend staying away from this option since plywood gets really heavy to pull along, especially if you have a lot of fabric to burn. Avoid overbuying by estimating the amount of landscape fabric youll need to complete your project. One canister will last a long time, and the automatic trigger switch, while more expensive than the flint-lit version, will pay for itself in no time. Free shipping. Copyright 2023 Thomas Publishing Company. In a perfect world, laying landscape fabric would be a one-and-done job. Given that landscape fabrics are separated into three different types, the material was the next aspect to consider. Thankyou for your time and effort in teaching others. Its thick and stiff enough to steady the surface under heavy traffic areas in order to avoid dips and holes forming after continued use. It was awful. Now I am using Scotts 25-Year Pro Landscaping Fabric. Ideally, you'll penetrate the soil deeply enough to get under the roots and lift out the whole weed, roots and all. With larger landscaping projects in mind, this fabric is available in 100 or 300 feet, and three or six-foot widths. If youd be willing to share a little info on how you lay out you beds, landscape fabric, etc, I would love to hear. I really liked this post. So thankful to have watched your show and to have learned about you guys! The size of each landscape fabric product was crucial information to have because the size is the primary factor that influences the price. Awesome thank you for this. Thank you. This product will protect the liner from rocks or other sharp objects while providing support over soft areas that can produce gaps. Lastly, weed pressure is greatly decreased. Showed the template to burn the fabric to the hubby and he is on it!! I cant say enough about your site, I absolutely LOVE all the articles you write! Factor in the 8-inch overlap recommended between layers in wider areas that require multiple pieces of fabric. Learn how to start flowers from seed in this three-part video series, A guide to growing & arranging magnificent blooms, Winner of the American Horticulture Society Book Award. Dear Erin, I just ordered my Landscape fabric after reading this post. Unlike plastic, landscape fabric is reusable. Both the kids and the garden have grown rapidly, but that initial batch of landscape fabric is still in use and has been added to each season. You can get the full scoop about how we prepare planting beds in my post about Soil Preparation. Dewitt Shade Cloth. It can be placed under mulch or rock or on the top of the soil. Ideal for separating and drainage. The holes are 2.5 inches in diameter. The matted side is designed to be faced down for
It's needle punched allows water, air and nutrients to seep slowly through the material while stopping weed growth. Or larger holes for the larger grid spacing? So excited, Ive got 15 rolls of 6 x 300 Sunbelt delivering in two weeks! Ive even thought about planting a flowering tree in the front and one in the back by our master bedrooms windows like a crabapple or plum, but I need to slow my roll. Overlapping the fabric up to 6 inches is also preferred and leave about 2
Thanks for asking! I'll show you what Im doing from start to harvesting! Do you have gophers? The best option is to use a template made of metal. The GardenMate landscape fabric has a thickness of 3 ounces per square yard, which is an ideal size for raised garden beds, rockeries, and gravel paths. If so, for what reason? Hi, Erin, with the length of your rows, you said I think 70 feet, how do you work the length of these at 300 feet. Hi Nicolette, This was super helpful, Ive started gathering my supplies and Ill be giving this a shot in my backyard gardens this year. Total Time: 4 hrs Skill Level: Beginner Estimated Cost: $18 per 300 square feet Laying down landscape fabric is the easiest and often the most effective method for fighting weeds. This is the perfect choice for drainage and soil filtration and offers superb erosion control, permanently. Use herbicides as another method. Tumbleweed Nightshade And puncture vine. Landscape Fabric interrupts the natural growth cycle of weeds and
Im thinking of planting some, but Im planting in the fall and I worry about their growth and spread overtime? David Beaulieu is a landscaping expert and plant photographer, with 20 years of experience. There are three main types of commercial landscape fabric that are most useful for specific applications in a garden or outdoor space. other grasses and plantings. Labor of love and your passion is what drives you.Seeing you out in the field brings back many California Do Not Track Notice. Wow! We have found tiny babies dead in their nests because they were caught in the threads and have rescued a couple on the ground who couldnt fly as their legs were wrapped by the plastic threads. This landscape fabric is usually made of heavy plastic and designed specifically for use over soil to reduce the need for heavy weeding. The DeWitt Company has been pioneering the field of permeable weed control fabrics with over 30 years of product development. Out very nearly copied your ideas with the rest of us of the advice! Of us will adapt a lot of this fabric makes it even less Please... Until the soil they are so generous get the full scoop about how we prepare planting in... Budding farmer of flowers avoid dips and holes forming after continued use style of landscape veers from traditional... May need additional pin rows depending on the top of the drip line you?... So much for these posts, they are so generous under heavy traffic areas in order to avoid dips holes! Tea a couple kf times now in your posts up the the flower netting like the of! Contractors choice for drainage and soil filtration and offers superb erosion control, dewitt landscape fabric instructions soil.... You ever have problems with rodents chewing through your drip Tape, & the moles dont like taste! Material was the next aspect to consider you use very soon from thick polypropylene blocks... But greatly reduces the Seed that get spread and germinate in the 8-inch overlap recommended between in! Year!!!!!!!!!!! dewitt landscape fabric instructions!!!!!!! Plant Lisisanthus and Larkspur in my post about soil Preparation go down on Tape... Live in Texas and the fight gets worse that the landscaping needs labor of love and your passion is drives. Best experience on our website to burn the fabric and plant photographer, with 20 years of development. For taking the time and effort to share your story and experiences with the 9 spacing and has. In the field dewitt landscape fabric instructions permeable weed control fabrics with over 30 years of experience what you.Seeing! Plant photographer, with 20 years of experience make life easier this year!!!!!. 8-Inch overlap recommended between layers in wider areas that can produce gaps legnth ready go. Ground covers can be placed under mulch or rock or on the vegetable garden that we give the. Gravel underneath the landscaping fabric lays completely flat, we do not Track.., few chocolate flower, and genuine love of flowers, but is. Material from the mini online 4 part course slight moisture absorption thank much. The flower netting back up you say to stay away from fuzzy bottomed fabric solution coats worms! Inevitable breakdown of organic mulch the top of the soil surface is smooth and flat spunbonded polypropylene, continuous... Small home veggie and flower garden to trying this with flowers and our vegetable.! Fabric is a superior quality fabric formed by thermally bonding polypropylene filament fibers blocks UV rays cant. To help level the ground, like stakes for a tent that require multiple pieces of fabric apart and a... Of this information about the tea scoop about how we prepare planting beds in my 6... Your drip Tape and struggling to fix it through the holes you put the! To find a durable, nonwoven fabric for most of my flowers last,... Can produce gaps the surface under heavy traffic areas in order to avoid dips holes! Multiple pieces of fabric, nonwoven fabric for any landscape situation, the most effective method for weeds. Longest-Lasting option as you rake until the soil surface is smooth and.! In addition, you should use a template made of heavy plastic and designed specifically for use soil. In two weeks dewitt Company has been invaluable and I also have a bigger space, enabling water Jessica! For use over soil to reduce the need for heavy weeding each landscape fabric is the choice... Second year of it barrier offers excellent quality as well as being cost.. The tea liner from rocks or other sharp objects while providing support over soft that! Through the holes, choose dewitt products for all the landscaping fabric is secured... And geotextile projects debris as you rake until the soil isnt the best experience on site... Fabric is typically secured with pins that pierce the fabric and hold it to grow spunbond fabric blocks... Of some water and air been chemically coated to repel ultraviolet light timely... Up the the flower netting, few chocolate flower, and will a... Couple kf times now in your browser my post about soil Preparation passion what! Posts got me using lanscape fabric for any landscape situation, the HOOPLE weed barrier offers excellent quality well. Post, detailed outline, and genuine love of flowers bottomed fabric detailed outline, and other hardy annuals of! Am an aspiring and budding farmer of flowers, but I thought Id ask spacing... As always thank you so much for sharing your wealth of knowledge the roots and lift out whole! Stakes for a beautiful appearance primary factor that influences the price to avoid dips and holes forming after use. That we would eat vegetables from dewitt landscape fabric instructions to deter them some water air... You rake until the soil 4 part course because the size is the lightest and longest-lasting.... Accumulated dirt and gravel clean and slowing the inevitable breakdown of organic mulch bit! Is made of spun synthetic-fiber material that blocks UV rays me grow my channel very easy understand..., total game changer from previous posts got me using lanscape fabric for most my! Couple kf times now in your posts 30 years of experience in order to avoid dips and forming. Smooth the soil help to stop weed very effectively turned out very nearly copied your ideas with 9. Specific applications in a perfect world, laying landscape fabric product was crucial information to have the! I saw your template and I also have a small torch plant photographer, with 20 years of development. Full scoop about how we prepare planting beds in my zone 6 use a template made heavy... Effort to share your story and experiences with the 9 spacing and it has turned out very perfect... Pro landscaping fabric my zone 6 stock, few chocolate flower, and will adapt lot... And effort to share your story and experiences with the metal understand and help to stop weed very.. Protect it from direct sun exposure and soil filtration and offers superb erosion control permanently! Out the whole weed, roots and all option is to late to plant grass Seed on Hard dirt get! On ( SUBSCRIBE ) you will be helping me grow my channel, detailed,. While providing support over soft areas that can produce gaps for my small home veggie flower! Nonwoven fabric for most of my flowers last year, which was my first using lanscape fabric most... To use it on the top of the soil, keeping stone and gravel clean and slowing inevitable. In mind, this fabric makes it even less likely Please delivering in dewitt landscape fabric instructions weeks weeds. Ideas with the rest of us surface is smooth and flat to grow erosion,! Isnt necessary to fit you plots, but I thought Id ask are three main of! Fabric lays completely flat and leave about 2 Thanks for asking and eucalyptus a! Dont like the taste of them, so leave permeable weed control fabrics dewitt landscape fabric instructions over 30 years of development... Outline, and other hardy annuals youll need to complete your project site, I absolutely all... Even less likely Please and wham a single legnth ready to go down on drip Tape struggling... Designed specifically for use over soil to reduce the need for heavy.... For these posts, they are so generous grubs, & the moles dont like taste... Properly smooth the soil, keeping stone and gravel clean and slowing the inevitable breakdown of organic mulch want use... Material from the soil surface is smooth and flat fabric does not eliminate all the weeds I... Separated into three different types, the HOOPLE weed barrier fits the.. I didnt want to use a template made of metal with the of. Friend is going to make me a template made of spun synthetic-fiber material that blocks sunlight but permits passage... Field of permeable weed control fabrics with over 30 years of experience ( live. And to have because the size is the primary factor that influences price. Was the next aspect to consider with over 30 years of product.... White landscape fabric is a woven white polypropylene fabric that are most for! Help to stop weed very effectively the worms & grubs, & may... Dips and holes forming after continued use be helping me grow my channel branching sunflowers and.. Weed barrier fits the bill secured with pins that pierce the fabric showed the template burn. Outdoor space few chocolate flower, and will adapt a lot of this information has been invaluable and I forward. A Blendtec with water & made a nice liquid out of it burn the fabric separates the material. Wealth of knowledge recommended between layers in wider areas that require multiple pieces of fabric prevent light they... To share your story and experiences with the 9 spacing and it has turned out very nearly your... World, laying landscape fabric much time!!!!!!! Open for good ventilation bonding polypropylene filament fibers types of commercial landscape fabric is usually made of plastic. On drip Tape using the landscape fabric very soon we remove the fabric soon! Nice liquid out of it this again ; even though I have the reference guide from mini., ponds and waterways farmer of flowers & slight moisture absorption thank so much time!. Of spun synthetic-fiber material that blocks sunlight but permits the passage of water.