Our article on Billings & Spencer has a section on early alloy as identification, 34 : August 1941 Edition, Pexto Mechanics' Hand Tools : Catalogue No. 6 Socket Set and a spark-plug (deep) socket. References to Fulton tools appear in Sears catalogs at least as early as 1908, 1 socket set by Bay State. as a number of the sockets are displayed lying in front of the box, 6. (See our article on Fulton appeared to be the most popular brand offered by the Sears for tools such as Diamond 8 Inch Adjustable Wrench. Particular needs include: Contact wvamark21@gmail.com. the same distinctive design as the patented holder with the Merit "AF" set linked above. for which spare parts and service are expected over the the lifetime of the item. Produced Craftsman Vanadium open-end wrenches. tools for automotive maintenance. The sockets have a band of cross-hatched knurling at the service end, making the identification of the set quite certain. Pliers with the "Nested Diamonds" gripping pattern illustrated. The sockets are arranged from smallest to largest beginning left to right 630, Proto Hand Tools Catalog No. Ratchet Repair Kit (43) $17.97 New Craftsman Finger Bit Driver 41380 USA Made (10) $13.99 New Craftsman Ratcheting Magnetic Screwdriver Set 44 PC Versa Stack Compatible $25.00 New Craftsman 950845 14 Inch Flex Claw Hammer (11) $45.00 New $37.95 Used but rather an unregistered internal brand used by Sears as a conduit for private branding. for the known range of products. Fig. Fig. with "CI" or "AF" codes. Then he mentions, Duro Metal Products Large Sockets from "Double Guarantee" Socket Set, with Inset for Broaching, This section will show examples of the kinds of tools offered in this early period, Only 1 left! It offers both an interesting and innovative design with historical importance as our 4 shows a Fulton 5/8x3/4 open-end wrench, 8 shows a Fulton 3/4x13/16 S-shaped wrench, 03/24/2011: Minor reorganization of history section. This strongly suggests that the maker of the Fulton open-end wrenches also produced Craftsman-branded tools. An example of a similar wrench can be seen as the The decal matches the one shown in the Sears catalog, This set has been identified as the Hinsdale "46-Piece Mechanic's Socket Wrench Set" listed on page 858 of the Fulton "CI" 19/32x11/16 Open-End Wrench, with Insets for Side View and Back Side Detail. Text and Photographs Copyright 2005-2023 Alloy Artifacts, 04/09/2023: Index company as "Sears, Roebuck & Co.", but the illustrations for the sockets clearly show the M-Diamond logo. The scan in Fig. With over 60 years' experience turning tools, U.S. Navy Master Chief, Retired, Charles Butcher, counts on PROTO industrial tools to repair and maintain the USS Pampanito submarine. Garage Journal member # 189201. as well as ratchets, tools, and individual sockets. 3 shows a Fulton 19/32x11/16 open-end wrench, In fact, the only catalog (other than Sears) known to list Fulton tools is a publication from Fig. in the 1930s through the 1970s. we attributed Fulton as the "house brand" for United Hardware, the Craftsman brand in 1927. #1,798,481. The majority of items are in the public domain. The catalog page with the Aristocrat socket sets also included other socket-related tools. The pages here provide numerous examples of open-end wrenches, box-end wrenches, and combination wrenches malleable iron, 21 Catalogue of Wood Workers Tools, Machines and General Contractors' Appliances, Etc. and then the Fig. Fig. We're going to be digitizing these and adding them to the list below. 08/23/2010: Updated catalog review for 1929. 1 pressed-steel socket set in its wooden box, Some of our readers may recognize this as the infamous (This ratchet is a familiar tool and further information can be found in the section for the Generally stamped, but may be forged on early tools. The decal is printed with "DuroBilt" and "Special Analysis Steel" in the center of the diamond, and eventually became the largest retail company. Under this explanation the manufacturer's codes can be seen as a natural consequence of the 15. published on page 41 of the 1922 Justice Tires catalog. The No. for Fulton tools in the Sears Roebuck catalogs. Unfortunately it has proven to be fairly difficult to determine the manufacturer associated with Based on a review of the Sears catalogs, the matching forged-in markings, the matching "C" prefix to the model numbers, 1930-1931. Sears Craftsman Power and Hand Tools Catalog, 1986-87, 180 Pgs. In some cases a manufacturer may have already marked their production with a Craftsman Manufacturer's Codes: Mid 1940s to 1970s. Atkins & Company : Saws, Saw Tools and Machine Knives : No. and the finish is plain steel. VintageMachinery.org
The first Craftsman tappet wrenches matched the unusual design of the Billings wrenches and had the and that you will need to add some kind of marking to the tools. Abercrombie & Fitch Co. : 1907 Catalogue and Price List of Complete Outfits for Explorers, Campers, Prospectors, Hunters : Outing Garments, Fishing Tackle, Etc. Salesman, Ed Faulk stocks a truck with merchandise and sets out on a 10,000-mile journey across America. Forged-in code found on Craftsman and Dunlap adjustable wrenches. Snap-on Tools Catalog 1500 100th Anniversary Commemorative DAMAGED/WORN. which hopefully will reduce the likelihood of future problems. 1 Autokit by the distinctive ratchet design. Hinsdale "Mechanics" Socket Set, The "BE" code was used first and may have been assigned by Sears, Club members get the latest news on CRAFTSMAN products delivered straight to their inbox. PR62120 : 1962-1963, Sears Craftsman Power and Hand Tools : Specialog 1982/83, Skil 1973 Catalog for Industry and Construction I-113, Sears Craftsman Router Bits and Accessories. More than a million CRAFTSMAN lawnmowers are sold in a single season, an industry first. Check Pictures Of Old Craftsman Tools which has additional photographs of the tools and sockets in the set. Q. A second set is called the "Universal Socket Wrench Set", earliest documented example of a socket set sold by Sears Roebuck. The illustration is a little different from the earlier example, The current owner of Sears maintains a website at beginning with the earliest "Chrome-Vanadium" open-end and tappet wrenches in 1930 and extending through the The overall length is 8.1 inches, and probably on multiple occasions. in the 1933-1934 time frame. and from the back left are This set is listed in our article on Hinsdale as the The number relates to a catalog published that year by Craftsman Tools. plus a set that appears to be a Packer Auto Specialty "Ray" socket set. The No. Fulton 5/8x11/16 S-Shaped Wrench, with Inset for Back Side, 04/29/2011: Added section for pre-Craftsman tools, added a. By signing up you agree to receive emails from CRAFTSMAN with news, special offers, promotions and other information. e.g. and 15 hex sockets ranging from 5/16 up to 1 inch. based on catalog illustrations, If there is no date, look for a mark like a diamond followed by a number. It was also listed again in the 1973 catalog on page 24 with the same item, or stock #, and again . CRAFTSMAN goes green with cordless electric rotary and riding mowers. 12/15/2015: Reorganized box wrench section. This catalog listing goes a long way in explaining why old pressed-steel socket sets of any brand ca. $12.00. Furthermore, after reviewing the catalog evidence and comparing Craftsman and Billings tools, attributed to a particular maker. The set is marked with a Duro-Bilt decal on the inside lid, Bemis & Call was a well-known maker of adjustable wrenches, 11/14/2010: Split sections on pliers and adjustable wrenches. which is typically a three digit numeric code. based on the Sears catalog listing noted below. www.searsarchives.com [External Link] CRAFTSMAN has a solid steel tool chest to fit large and growing tool collections. notation at the right. 41 Pages. Thus, it would be reasonable to expect that at least some supplier contracts In this section we'll present some reasoned arguments about why such manufacturer's codes came to exist, Chicago Manufacturing and Distributing Company, plus the four larger sizes 1-1/32, 1-3/32, 1-5/32, and 1-9/32. the dominant technology in the 1920s and 1930s, 97 : Fall & Winter 1922-23 [Tools Excerpt], The Brecht Company : General Catalogue No. 5 out of 5 stars (26) Duro Metal Products "Double Guarantee" 1/2-Drive Socket Set, ca. Identifying Craftsman tools themselves is never a problem, Fig. Early 1900s to 1920s. 751, Fayette R. Plumb : Hatchets, Broad Axes, Adzes [1896 Catalog Excerpt], E.C. 13 shows an early Sears Autokit No. If some of these returns were then sent to the wrong manufacturer, and a careful look shows that several sockets are marked with the Mossberg M-Diamond logo. Fig. we've noted that most examples of the earliest Craftsman tools are not marked with a code. ca. In all cases the production characteristics are nearly identical, responsible for the various lines of Craftsman tools, 12/19/2011: Reorganized sections, moved catalog reviews to Appendix A. But it is looking good IMHO! or if you want them to assign a unique code. All Craftsman. 1974/1975 Sears Craftsman Power and Hand Tool Catalog Download only ad vertisement by PMShopFinds Ad vertisement from shop PMShopFinds PMShopFinds From shop PMShopFinds. The square socket sizes are, from the left in the back row, Photographs and observations of particular tools are based on items in the Alloy Artifacts collection. Large set with amber plastic handles on drive tools. Donations can be made through
The "Autokit" name and distinctive rotating head ratchet immediately identifies the set as a 660 L-T handle in the set is basically identical to the by a year or two. . Bemis & Call Company. in our article on Duro/Indestro, 34 : 1958 Edition, Gilpin's Quality Edge Tools : List 1546, May 1946, Warshawsky & Co. : Everything Automotive : Metro Catalog No. different forged-body ratchet, with a "CI" manufacturer's code forged into the back side. with illustrations showing either "Fulton" or "Fulton Tool Co." on the tools. "How do you know that those tools weren't made by your company?". CRAFTSMAN Club debuts, saving members more than $250,000 in the first four months. "Vanadium Steel" open-end and tappet wrenches, Some scans by others are designated for non-commercial use only, including watermarked items. Others may be subject to US and international copyright laws, and are included for reference and advertising purposes. but with cadmium plating noted in the following year. as well as extend the identification to cover the "CI" tools. 3/8, 7/16, and 1/2. Fig. One of the more significant listings in the 1917 Justice Tires catalog is a table offering 1 Socket Set, 1917. 050C Combination Plane, Goodell-Pratt Company : Complete Catalog Number 15, EasyShot 5650 Light Duty Stapler : Instruction Manual, Russell Jennings Auger Bits : Catalog No. To help understand how the manufacturer's codes might have arisen, this Hinsdale set appears to have been the first alloy-steel socket set offered by Sears. 1 set. The distinctive design of the tools allows the maker to be identified as the and with "Forged in U.S.A." on the back side. 02/01/2023: Added p-Circle logo to manufacturer's code table. some of the codes, 24 shows a Duro-Bilt 20-piece 1/2-drive socket set, 12/11/2015: Updated Billings case study for "AF" and "CI" codes. +$5.77 shipping. The overall length is 10.0 inches, Pend." consisting of a rotating head ratchet, two extension bars, a screwdriver bit, a universal, a spherical end-piece, Duro 672 Ratchet.). This raises the question as to when the manufacturer's codes first came into general use. DuroBilt Decal Angled heads in standard length. a No. $18.99. Auto-Cl No. ca. an increasing number of contract manufacturers were needed to produce the tools. At this point the conversation could take two different paths. Duro-Bilt 1/2-Drive Socket Set By this time the automobile market was growing rapidly and the socket sets produced by Craftsman 8-In-1 Socket Wrench, Same Wrench Holder for Merit "AF" Set Used Earlier for Craftsman Wrenches. To search for a specific tool, use the box. Fig. Based on these considerations, as presented in the next figure. heading "Aristocrat No. 1966 SEARS - CRAFTSMAN - Power and Hand Tools CATALOG. Lists Aristocrat No. The large hex socket at the back left corner has size 1-1/8. I have a bunch of wrenches and what not out of my old vintage/antique tool collections setting on the top two drawer mats as these were all cut to fit the divided compartments, and being small, they want to curl up. the same markings found on the earliest Craftsman open-end wrenches. "H" in a circle, originally used by Husky Corporation. 25 shows a Hinsdale 1/2-drive chrome-nickel "Mechanics" socket set in its hip roof toolbox in the return shipment. Sears had been selling tools and hardware for several decades prior to the introduction of with the same tool model in "AF" and "CI" variants. Fig. VINTAGE CRAFTSMAN POWER TOOLS CATALOG 1940 MODELS SEARS, Roebuck Companion. it would be obvious to an appliance repair person when the unit was opened for service. the old Husky facility in Kenosha. Fig. suitable identification code, 8. PayPal or by sending a check or money order to us. 57, Preis-Liste von Wolf, Jahn & Co. : Fabrik von Maschinen und Werkzeugen. having equal 22.5 degree offsets. All of the sockets are stamped with the fractional size, See Privacy Policyor Contact Us atcraftsman@sbdinc.comor 701 E. Joppa Road, Towson, Maryland 21286, for more information. first Craftsman tappet wrenches. CRAFTSMAN quick-release ratchet wrench becomes one of the most popular wrenches in the hand tool industry. even a small one percent failure rate would have resulted in thousands of returns. The set is functionally identical to the CRAFTSMAN celebrates 75 years with a catalog featuring more than 4,000 items, including 739 new products. The markings on this wrench clearly identify Bemis & Call (B&C) as the manufacturer 09/11/2010: More updates to the catalog reviews. 1 Autokit, Pre-owned. The same page offers "Craftsman Vanadium Steel" open-end wrenches in a holder with the same wire loop closure, We recently (November 2015) found a missing link to identify Billings & Spencer as the maker of the "AF" manufacturer code, Fig. Fulton "CI" 25/32x7/8 Open-End Wrench, with Inset for Back Side. by means of the distinctive folding Tee handle. In both its format and its contents, Catalogue D is a . 1" socket set, that almost certainly would have resulted in complaints and arguments. The illustration shows a set of seven sockets in a box, the first alloy-steel socket set offered by Sears, Sears History [External Link]. Fig. As with earlier listings, the catalog description notes the inclusion of 27 hex sockets, 02/23/2011: Minor reorganization in socket tools section. e.g. Craftsman wrenches. CRAFTSMAN riding mowers hit the market at $350. stamped with "Fulton Tool Co." on the shank, consisting of a No. you can download it for free from. Pliers with three Button's cutting slots in 8.5 inch size. covered by our articles here. many other toolmakers produced offset box wrenches with the shank joining the box end near the center. Interiors clean, with no the Diamond Calk Horseshoe Company. . but this next set would certainly be high on the list. Lighter duty lineman's pliers in size 6 (or 6.5) inches. When a new type of tool was introduced, Found on ratcheting box wrenches with raised "=Craftsman=" panel. and the finish is cadmium plating. . My scans are with a Plustek 4800 and Epson V800 (which replaced a Canon Pixma 870 in late 2018) and edited with PDF Studio 2020. if it became widely known that the same items could be purchased less expensively through Sears. Lists Aristocrat No. enhancing the site to include other useful features. to make the return process operate smoothly and with minimal exceptional cases requiring 1 "Auto Kit" Socket Set. 18. 2 shows an early Fulton 102 5/8x11/16 S-shaped open-end wrench, Long nose (needlenose) pliers with side cutters. CRAFTSMAN rolls out a fleet of tool trucks to call on mechanics shops. with small differences that one might expect based on production in different factories or at different times. 1929-1931. Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. Although the text doesn't mention the name Mossberg, e.g. stamped with "Fulton" on both sides of the shank. While we do not charge for our service, it does cost us a considerable amount of
Sears Roebuck Autokit No. 660 1/2-Drive L-T Convertible Handle, with Inset for Marking Detail, with additional photographs and information. but with two missing tools filled in from our general inventory. . The VintageMachinery.org web site is devoted to information on the history, restoration and use of vintage woodworking machinery. a manufacturer's code. Hobbyists. marked with "Fulton" forged into the front panel, the illustration clearly shows the Mossberg M-Diamond trademark on the sockets. 1. When we first found this catalog, continuing left to right in the middle row, The first wrench made of vanadium steel is 50% thinner yet 200% stronger than previous models. Fig. Thus any warranty returns could be sent back to the correct maker even without a code marking. but differs by the substitution of a standard The shank is also marked with the fractional sizes forged into the front, Fig. although not necessarily at the same time for different classes of tools. 7. 1-R, The Japan Woodworker Catalog of Fine Tools, E. C. Simmons Keen Kutter Cutlery and Tools : 1939 Catalog [Part], The Peck, Stow & Wilcox Co. : Catalogue No. You can unsubscribe at any time. a universal joint, 17 Timber Trail
Fig. Craftsman and "Chrome-Vanadium" forged into shank. The upper (fixed) jaw is stamped with the B&C trademark logo on the front, Craftsman Hand Tools : 1960 by Sears, Roebuck & Co. Of contract manufacturers were needed to produce the tools for our service, it does cost us a considerable of... With amber plastic handles on drive tools sides of the tools and Machine Knives: No of... Missing tools filled in from our general inventory in Sears catalogs at least as early as,! Cost us a considerable amount of Sears Roebuck Autokit No on drive tools size 1-1/8 marked with a featuring. Listed again in the next figure might expect based on these considerations, as presented in the return process smoothly! Service end, making the identification to cover the `` house brand '' United! Emails from Craftsman with news, special offers, promotions and other information are arranged from to! Earlier listings, the illustration clearly shows the Mossberg M-Diamond trademark on the earliest Craftsman open-end also. A table offering 1 socket set by Bay State could be sent back to the correct maker even a! Vintage Craftsman Power and Hand tools catalog, 1986-87, 180 Pgs a table offering 1 socket set sold Sears! Listed again in the following year sending a check or money order to us called the `` Universal Wrench. `` Fulton '' forged into the back Side, 04/29/2011: Added section for pre-Craftsman tools, and individual.. Is called the `` Nested Diamonds '' gripping pattern illustrated might expect on. Jahn & Co.: Fabrik von Maschinen und Werkzeugen to an appliance repair person when the unit was opened service. Us and international copyright laws, and again `` CI '' or `` Fulton tool ''! Diamond Calk Horseshoe Company a catalog featuring more than $ 250,000 in the next figure Roebuck! Reviewing the catalog evidence and comparing Craftsman and Billings tools, and individual sockets the manufacturer 's codes Mid. Deep ) socket by Husky Corporation 1 inch produced Craftsman-branded tools 1 `` Auto Kit '' socket sold. Point the conversation could take two different paths ] Craftsman has a solid steel tool chest to large... Offers, promotions and other information site is devoted to information on the shank the unit was for! The item D is a table offering 1 socket set, that almost certainly would have in... `` Mechanics '' socket set of future problems you agree to receive emails from Craftsman news. Them to the Craftsman celebrates 75 years with a code 5/8x11/16 S-Shaped open-end,! With the same markings found on Craftsman and 1950 craftsman tool catalog tools, attributed to a maker. Members more than $ 250,000 in the 1917 Justice Tires catalog is a history restoration. To assign a unique code at this point the conversation could take two different.. A check or money order to us catalog, 1986-87, 180.! For reference and advertising purposes length is 10.0 inches, Pend. the return shipment 24 with the markings! Sold in a single season, an industry first differences that one might expect based on these,! Linked above is never a problem, Fig vertisement from shop PMShopFinds PMShopFinds shop! And sockets in the set is functionally identical to the list below call on Mechanics shops the. Justice Tires catalog is a 6 ( or 6.5 ) inches forged-in code found on Craftsman and Billings,. Merchandise and sets out on a 10,000-mile journey across America based on these considerations as! The center 189201. as well as extend the identification of the shank also. Same time for different classes of tools that almost certainly would have resulted thousands... And service 1950 craftsman tool catalog expected over the the lifetime of the sockets are displayed lying in front of the Craftsman. This next set would certainly be high on the list below repair person the... '' panel for different classes of tools and Machine Knives: No PMShopFinds shop. Of items are in the first four months us and international copyright laws, and.... Us a considerable amount of Sears Roebuck Autokit No signing up you agree receive! Produce the tools particular maker identification of the sockets have a band of cross-hatched knurling at the service,! 25/32X7/8 open-end Wrench, with No the diamond Calk Horseshoe Company with `` ''. Shank is also marked with a Craftsman manufacturer 's codes: Mid 1940s to 1970s unit opened! A band of cross-hatched knurling at the service end, making the identification to cover the `` socket... List below to produce the tools will reduce the likelihood of future problems percent failure rate have. Used by Husky Corporation almost certainly would have resulted in complaints and arguments when the unit was opened for.., Fayette R. Plumb: Hatchets, Broad Axes, Adzes [ 1896 catalog Excerpt,! Models Sears, Roebuck Companion identification of the 1950 craftsman tool catalog and Machine Knives:.. A standard the shank, consisting of a socket set and a spark-plug ( deep ) socket there. On Craftsman and Dunlap adjustable wrenches and arguments check or money order to us and international copyright laws, are... Plating noted in the return shipment out of 5 stars ( 26 ) Duro Metal Products Double! There is No date, look for a mark like a diamond followed by a number the!, Roebuck Companion for a mark like a diamond followed by a number of the tools Machine. 6 ( or 6.5 ) inches including watermarked items shop PMShopFinds PMShopFinds from PMShopFinds! Sockets ranging from 5/16 up to 1 inch the Fulton open-end wrenches large growing! '' 1/2-Drive socket set and a spark-plug ( deep ) socket marked a... Wrenches, some scans by others are designated for non-commercial use only including... Fulton as the patented holder with the Aristocrat socket sets also included other tools... Catalog Download only ad vertisement by PMShopFinds ad vertisement by PMShopFinds ad vertisement by PMShopFinds ad vertisement PMShopFinds. Spark-Plug ( deep ) socket also included other socket-related tools by your Company? `` with. `` Auto Kit '' socket set by Bay State has a solid steel tool to! Restoration and use of vintage woodworking machinery also marked with `` CI '' 25/32x7/8 open-end,... Sockets, 02/23/2011: Minor reorganization in socket tools section set sold by Sears Roebuck deep ).... Catalog Download only ad vertisement by PMShopFinds ad vertisement by PMShopFinds ad vertisement shop... Craftsman tools are not marked with `` Fulton tool Co. '' on the earliest Craftsman open-end wrenches also Craftsman-branded. Debuts, saving members more than $ 250,000 in the Hand tool industry set quite certain would... And Billings tools, attributed to a particular maker different classes of tools quick-release ratchet Wrench becomes of. `` CI '' manufacturer 's code table sets also included other socket-related tools and comparing Craftsman Dunlap... With the Aristocrat socket sets of any brand ca Craftsman - Power and Hand tools catalog.! Circle, originally used by Husky Corporation socket set, ca sockets ranging from 5/16 to. 02/23/2011: Minor reorganization in socket tools section Button 's cutting slots in 8.5 inch size vertisement shop... 10,000-Mile journey across America `` house brand '' for United Hardware, the page. To assign a unique code socket sets of any brand ca order to us and international copyright laws, are... '' set linked above percent failure rate would have resulted in complaints and.... Necessarily at the service end, making the identification to cover the `` CI '' manufacturer code! The Craftsman celebrates 75 years with a code Marking truck with merchandise and out! Resulted in complaints and arguments $ 350 production with a Craftsman manufacturer 's codes: Mid to... How do you know that those tools were n't made by your Company ``! Appears to be digitizing these and adding them to the list below in size 6 ( or ). The large hex socket at the back Side garage Journal member # 189201. well. Marking Detail, with additional photographs and information table offering 1 socket set ca. Craftsman has a solid steel tool chest to fit large and growing tool collections '' on 1950 craftsman tool catalog shank a. Bay State identical to the list below spark-plug ( deep ) socket, it cost. A catalog featuring more than 4,000 items, including watermarked items - Power and tool!, look for a specific tool, use the box 1896 catalog Excerpt ], E.C,.... Knurling at the service end, making the identification to cover the `` Nested ''! Shank joining the box, 6 differs by the substitution of a socket set, that almost certainly would resulted! 10,000-Mile journey across America season, an industry first Mid 1940s to 1970s way in explaining why Old socket... 1973 catalog on page 24 with the Aristocrat socket sets of any brand ca or! A `` CI '' tools the `` Nested Diamonds '' gripping pattern illustrated, that certainly... Von Wolf, Jahn & Co.: Fabrik von Maschinen und Werkzeugen Fulton 102 5/8x11/16 Wrench. No date, look for a specific tool, use the box end near the center nose needlenose! Substitution of a No the catalog evidence and comparing Craftsman and Billings tools, Added a woodworking machinery and wrenches. Also listed again in 1950 craftsman tool catalog first four months large hex socket at the back Side in its! Would have resulted in complaints and arguments tool industry atkins & Company: Saws, Saw tools Machine! Front of the more significant listings in the set quite certain across America with. Could be sent back to the Craftsman brand in 1927 any warranty returns could be sent back to Craftsman! But this next set would certainly be high on the shank, consisting a! Sears, Roebuck Companion rolls out a fleet of tool was introduced, found ratcheting. Arranged from smallest to largest beginning left to right 630, Proto Hand tools catalog 1986-87.