Matthew Cole, Pennie Lindeque, Elaine Fileman, Claudia Halsband, Rhys Goodhead, Julian Moger, and Tamara S. Galloway (2013). These elements are carcinogenic, and prolonged exposure may cause cancer. Call 1-800-222-1222 for additional instructions. The study showed that toxic compounds can leach out of the floral foam and into the surrounding water. How bad is the stuff at the bottom of your roses? Floral foam may be disposed of normally, but is not biodegradable. Sign up to our newsletter to get more articles like this delivered straight to your inbox. I can't comprehend how anything of any durability can be constructed with floral foam. By Dan Nosowitz on January 2, 2020. Safety glasses are recommended to prevent eye irritation if dust is excessive. These elements are carcinogenic, and prolonged exposure may cause cancer. Florists who come into repeated contact with floral foam are at the highest risk of side effects. Dried mealworms. Since you are able to eat a bit, theres probably a small opening for food to get through, but your body is producing the foam because of the blockage. WebUnfortunately, floral foam contains the same amount of plastic as 10 plastic shopping bags, is non-biodegradable, non-recyclable and toxic for both humans and animals. It is a green fine-celled thermoset phenolic plastic foam. Astrophys. The adoption of mass timber building concept comes with many benefits. These are chemicals that have been studied and proven to cause some types of cancer like leukemia. Leanne xx. (7 reuses). and formaldehyde. The foams are not particularly toxic. Bio Listen to advice, insider knowledge, and fun tips on all things gardening. Phenol is organic and therefore it is biodegradable. Biodegradation can either involve the microorganisms using oxygen, aerobic biodegradation or it can involve the microorganisms which do not use oxygen, anaerobic biodegradation. Not only does it hold up to 50 times its weight in water, it is able to support a flower or foliage stem in a desired position. This is potentially life threatening, no kidding. Posted 1/4/11. Florists work with this material daily, and its essentially a carcinogen. Additional Information conditions of use, because the toxic components are at such low concentrations. Phenol and formaldehyde also cause eye, skin, and nasal irritation. endobj By Dan Nosowitz on January 2, 2020. Florists who come into repeated contact with Composition Information on Ingredients Chemical characterization: Green fine-celled thermoset phenolic plastic foam which is 2: Water movement (in red) through the foam and into the plants stem. Despite the fact that it has been manufactured for around 60 years, very little is known about floral foam and how it might impact the natural environment. These substances are mixed with non-hazardous substances to produce the final product. It is also called carbolic acid. Posted 1/4/11. Floral foam contains toxic elements, including formaldehyde, barium sulfates and carbon black. Floral Foam is a phenol formaldehyde-based foam, with an additive to attract Definition of floral (Entry 2 of 2): a design or picture in which flowers predominate. Oasis is apparently top of the range for floral foam products. Subscribe to thenewsletter, and get J. MOST IMPORTANTLY floral foam is a petrochemical derived plastic product that is non-biodegradable. Copyright Leaf Group Ltd. // Leaf Group Lifestyle. " Safety Precautions Most floral foam is made from phenolic foam. It can be easily cut and shaped to fit into a container and it is cheap to purchase, especially when compared with the cost of fresh flowers. The #1 app for tracking pregnancy and baby growth. Give a serving size of water to drink. The rest weave their way through the filter and remain in water that's then used to fertilise farmland. Mealworms are commonly used as food for both animals and people. WebFloral foam is non-biodegradable, non-recyclable and toxic for both humans and animals. (5 recycling centres), Where can CDs be recycled in NYC? (5 types of foils), Can you reuse a pregnancy test? It is used in hospitals as an antiseptic. All Rights Reserved, https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3_3, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es400663f, https://oasisfloral.com.au/2018/08/14/oasis-bio-floral-foam-maxlife-pressrelease/, https://oasisfloralproducts.com/ctemplate1.aspx?page=App_Themes/default/html/MaxLife_FAQs_en-US.html, https://oasisfloral.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/OASIS-Maxlife-Enhanced-Bio-Floral-Foam-AUS-ENG-30.8.19.pdf, https://oasisfloral.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/OASIS-Classic-Floral-Foam-AUS-ENG-30.8.2019.pdf, https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/898205_195723f870af4af5babdd47c476f79d2.pdf, oasisfloral.com.au/material-safety-data-sheets, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718303838, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749116309629, http://www.awa.asn.au/AWA_MBRR/Publications/Latest_News/Microplastics_impacting_wastewater_treatment_processes.aspx, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.5b03909. Plastic takes hundreds of years to break down some experts even suggest they may not break down at all in landfill. There is almost no phenol or formaldehyde left in the finished product less than 0.1 per cent of each chemical. 2: of or relating to a flora floral diversity. These elements are carcinogenic, and prolonged exposure may cause cancer. Floral foam is contributing to the growing crisis of plastic of pollution. For the latter you will need to keep the flowers in place, anchoring with a florist frog or block of florist foam, these held to the bottom of the vase to support the arrangement. I highly recommend NOT leaving a huge buckets of water and foam or can or box of wet soaked floral foam in your business office home or garagebecause of the OFF GASSING of the Floral Foam. Inhalation of phenol vapor can cause lung edema. Floral foam is widely used because its extremely useful. Not as good a solution as not using the material, but its something. What are blue surgical masks made of and is the material safe. Florist Rita Feldmann is concerned about the impact of the widely used floral foam on the environment. microbes that break the foam down into methane, CO2 and organic matter. Florists who come into repeated contact with floral foam are at the highest risk of side effects. "Its probably not going to be very toxic, but youre just adding more inert materials to the waterstream which can potentially have averse effects. All these plastics belong to a group known as phenolic resins, or phenol formaldehydes. These organisms use the product as an energy source and break it down into simple compounds. Because floral foam does not dissolve in water (it just breaks into smaller and smaller pieces), it must go through a process of degradation to break down. The Royal Horticultural Society announced in January 2020 that floral foam would be banned from all RHS Shows from 2021. Though it crumbles, floral foam doesnt fully dissolve in water or degrade in landfill or soil. A mixture of iron and molybdenum or vanadium oxide can also be used as a catalyst. **Be careful when using tape on mercury vessels. Punctured foam contains plant debris which will pollute the water in the new arrangement. Oasis is apparently top of the range for floral foam products. Effects of Floral Foam Toxicity 1,3,5-trioxane ( tri-formaldehyde)- This is a solid that can dissolve in organic solvents such as naphthalene and diethyl ether. The study showed that toxic compounds can leach out of the floral foam and into the surrounding water. This can only go on at the surface of the plastic material. The main process used is the one where methanol and oxygen are reacted together at a temperature of 250-400 C using a mixture of iron oxide and molybdenum or vanadium as the catalyst. Its cancerous. Sian is a leading producer of high-quality roses and summer flowers in Kenya and has, by and large, been keen on sustainability. Floral foam contains toxic elements, including formaldehyde, barium sulfates and carbon black. The problem is the foam has a longevity of its own. "What we do know is that it is not biodegradable - and that it contains known carcinogens.". According to an Australian-issued Oasis Floral Foam Safety Data Sheet dated 30th August 20197, the following advice is provided to users: However, according to the EPA in Victoria, there are no guidelines for the disposal of floral foam. The first two being known as carcinogenic. Completely toxic, and we have no idea about the long term health implications of working with it. The term biodegradable is often associated with a substance being environmentally friendly. Florists work with this material daily, and it's essentially a carcinogen. Completely toxic, and we have no idea about the long term health implications of working with it. The American Academy of Family Physicians says that most foreign objects pass easily through the digestive tract without causing problems. Capponi, Marco; Gut, Ivo G.; Hellrung, Bruno; Persy, Gaby; Wirz, Jakob (1999). Sherri A. Mason, Danielle Garneau, Rebecca Sutton, Yvonne Chu, Karyn Ehmann, Jason Barnes, Parker Fink, Daniel Papazissimos, Darrin L. Rogers, Microplastic pollution is widely detected in US municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent, Environmental Pollution, Volume 218, 2016,Pages 1045-1054, ISSN 0269-7491, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.056. When dry, floral foam breaks down in to dust that is labelled harmful to the skin, and if inhaled, harmful to your respiratory system. De Groot, Anton C.; Flyvholm, Mari-Ann; Lensen, Gerda; Menn, Torkil; Coenraads, Pieter-Jan (2009). Leanne xx. Why would I/You want to send a loved one a toxic foam bomb filled with fresh cut flowers. Note: unpunctured, used foam may be reused as filler, however, once foam has dried out, it cannot be re-wet, so make sure the used foam is not in an area that will be reached by thirsty plant stems. Marketing information about the Bio Foam product states However,this product does not meet US Federal Trade Commission requirements to be certified Biodegradable5, nor is there any indication that it has been tested to Australia Standards for Biodegradable Plastic15. Best wishes Belinda Chez Fleur. " Floral foam contains toxic elements, including formaldehyde, barium sulfates and carbon black. Foam works by effectively becoming an extension of the flowers stem. Make the choice start a trend. It is made from synthetic plastic polymer of phenol and formaldehyde which is not easily degraded by microorganisms. There is almost no phenol or formaldehyde left in the finished product less than 0.1 per cent of each chemical. It also may cause a nervous system breakdown. These elements are carcinogenic, and prolonged exposure may cause cancer. You go to a supermarket, grab a block of flowers, its in the bottom. It is the simplest member of the aldehyde class. You can't even break a rule, how would you be expected to break bone. Its a petroleum-derived product, meaning it comes from a non-renewable resource. Skin frequently exposed to formaldehyde may become hypersensitive, resulting in contact dermatitis. Andrady A.L. Not because they are toxic, but organisms can eat this stuff." Flower Delivery by John Sharper Inc Florist. 1: of, relating to, or depicting flowers a floral display a floral design. Florists who come into repeated contact with floral foam are at the highest risk of side effects. Dried mealworms. Ketonization equilibria of phenol in aqueous solution. WebToxicity of Floral Foam Floral foam contains toxic elements, including formaldehyde, barium sulfates and carbon black. It's such an issue that the RHS is to ban the water-absorbing block from all of its garden and horticultural shows that are taking place in 2021. as the wet oasis has chemicals in it to keep it moist. I call them treasures Apr 21, 2021 by Health Desk Blue surgical masks are safe to wear and are made with non-woven fabric. Phenol and formaldehyde also cause eye, skin, and nasal irritation. These features of floral foam enabled floral design to move in extraordinary directions as the process of arranging became simpler and faster, as well as allowing for more complicated design. WebUnfortunately, floral foam contains the same amount of plastic as 10 plastic shopping bags, is non-biodegradable, non-recyclable and toxic for both humans and animals. It soaks up water like a sponge and acts both as a preservative to prolong the life of the flowers and a support to hold them in place. By anchoring flower stems in it, florists can build enormous and sometimes gravity-defying arrangements. Image: Professor John West, University of Melbourne. An overview of microplastic and nanoplastic pollution in agroecosystems. "Unfortunately it is very hard indeed to find any scientific research to either allay or confirm our suspicions about floral foam," said Shane Connolly, who is a florist to the British royal family and made arrangements for the Duke and Duchess of Cambridges 2011 wedding. It's such an issue that the RHS is to ban the water-absorbing block from all of its garden and horticultural shows that are taking place in 2021. Both consuming foam and being exposed to water surrounding floral foam particles was shown to cause harm to the aquatic animals studied. Based on general disposal processes for plastic that is not recyclable or biodegradable: While a percentage of the solid matter poured down the sink will be captured through sewage processing, the reclaimed solid material from sewage treatment plants is often then used to fertilise farmland9, 11. By anchoring flower stems in it, florists can build enormous and sometimes gravity-defying arrangements. It's such an issue that the RHS is to ban the water-absorbing block from all of its garden and horticultural shows that are taking place in 2021. It holds stems securely in place, opening up a wider range of design possibilities and offering extra structure and security. Effects of Floral Foam Toxicity Long contact with phenol may cause second or third-degree burns and The foam is made with two toxic chemicals, but is not necessarily harmful. If a small amount of Styrofoam is accidentally eaten it probably wont harm the body. https://www.standards.org.au/standards-catalogue/sa-snz/manufacturing/ev-017/as4736-2006, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135826. The problem is the foam has a longevity of its own. However, if used to drink or eat cool items, Styrofoam is safe. All Rights Reserved. Posted 1/4/11. Mealworms are commonly used as food for both animals and people. Is foil biodegradable? BabyCentre may earn a commission from shopping links. Handle in accordance with good hygiene and safety procedures. It holds stems securely in place, opening up a wider range of design possibilities and offering extra structure and security. It may be irritating to eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Floral foam already has a very large surface area where degradation can occur, even as a complete block, because of its cellular structure. Use pebbles, sand, gravel, clay, marbles, wood aspen, compact moss or even fruit to support floral arrangements. WebToxicity of Floral Foam Floral foam contains toxic elements, including formaldehyde, barium sulfates and carbon black. .css-lwn4i5{display:block;font-family:Neutra,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.01rem;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;text-align:center;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-lwn4i5:hover{color:link-hover;}}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-lwn4i5{font-size:1.375rem;line-height:1.1;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-lwn4i5{font-size:1.375rem;line-height:1.1;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-lwn4i5{font-size:1.375rem;line-height:1.1;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-lwn4i5{font-size:1.375rem;line-height:1.1;}}How to fix ruined clothes, 10 cleaning jobs to do every day in the kitchen, Good Housekeeping, Part of the Hearst UK Fashion & Beauty Network. Most phenol molecules areIt used to make precursors for plastic synthesis. WebFloral foam contains toxic elements, including formaldehyde, barium sulfates and carbon black. These elements are carcinogenic, and prolonged exposure may cause cancer. Due to its high number of applications, formaldehyde is produced in bulk in industries. The Royal Horticultural Society announced in January 2020 that floral foam would be banned from all RHS Shows from 2021. In reality, its made from synthetic, non-recyclable plastic and is created using a combination of carbon black, formaldehyde and phenolic foam, which are all toxic. Florists can opt to design a reusable Bow K to arrange fresh flowers along with other decorations such as floral picks, bows and more. Inhaling dust or fumes is especially damaging and can cause several respiratory issues. Tulips work well in tall, straight vases, although they can be arranged in a fan shape in a low, wide bowl. It's so useful to florists because it's a water source (remarkably, it holds up to 50x its weight in water) and stabiliser that keeps your bunch looking fresh and pert for up to 12 days. Microplastic Ingestion by Zooplankton. It is used as a precursor for the synthesis of drugs such as aspirin and several herbicides. Floral foam is a plastic-based product manufactured in the form of green blocks. "Its everywhere. Floral foam is made from two chemicals considered to be hazardous to humans: phenol and formaldehyde. Floral foam was invented by product designer V.L Smithers (founder of OASIS) 60 years ago. Ms Feldmann and a growing number of florists, congregating around the Instagram account @nofloralfoam, are concerned about the health and environmental impacts of the foam - Formaldehyde is widely considered to have toxic effects on humans and other animals. Bio-fragmentation involves the breakdown of organic matter into smaller, nontoxic particles by bacteria and fungi, releasing water and carbon dioxide in the process. February 5, 2017 Say No to Toxic Floral Foam Floral foam is widely used in the floral industry. It can react with oxygen or carbon to its equivalent phenoxide. The Earth Day 2023 Theme is 'Invest in Our Planet'. Hearst UK is the trading name of the National Magazine Company Ltd, 30 Panton Street, Leicester Square, London, SW1Y 4AJ. Completely toxic, and we have no idea about the long term health implications of working with it. Hedges, et al., Foaming at the mouth: Ingestion of oral foam microplastics by aquatic animals, Science of the Total Environment. " Safety Precautions Most floral foam is made from phenolic foam. Is floral foam toxic? Formaldehyde also irritates the skin, eyes, and nose, and having long contact can cause dermatitis. As observed on the thousands of videos available under the #floralfoam, this is often done directly into the sink or into water. Like this article? Surgical masks also contain formaldehyde and many of us are still forced to wear those for extended periods of time daily, if you're okay with that, why would you care about having some in a piece of clothing you'll wear for just a few hours per month? regular foam. Exposure may cause cancer 5, 2017 Say no to toxic floral foam is from... ; Flyvholm, Mari-Ann ; Lensen, Gerda ; Menn, Torkil ; Coenraads, Pieter-Jan ( 2009 ) green... Used to drink or eat cool items, Styrofoam is accidentally eaten probably. Is not biodegradable an overview of microplastic and nanoplastic pollution in agroecosystems,... Product as an energy source and break it down into methane, CO2 and organic matter on the. Says that most foreign objects pass easily through the filter and remain in water or degrade in landfill into surrounding... Would I/You want to send a loved one a toxic foam bomb filled with fresh cut.... The highest risk of side effects # 1 app for tracking pregnancy and baby growth normally but., including formaldehyde, barium sulfates and carbon black ; Persy, Gaby ; Wirz Jakob! Vases, although they can be constructed with floral foam contains toxic elements, including formaldehyde, barium sulfates carbon. Derived plastic product that is non-biodegradable straight vases, although they can be constructed with floral foam products in. Applications, formaldehyde is produced in bulk in industries most floral foam is widely used in the product. The final product of its own its something or even fruit to support floral arrangements a toxic foam bomb with... Magazine Company Ltd, 30 Panton Street, Leicester Square, London, SW1Y 4AJ can cause respiratory. Microbes that break the foam has a longevity of its own simple.. Image: Professor John West, University of Melbourne who come into repeated contact with floral foam at. Can cause several respiratory issues RHS Shows from 2021 water or degrade in.... 2021 by health Desk blue surgical masks made of and is the trading of! Are chemicals that have been studied and proven to cause harm to the aquatic is floral foam toxic to eat studied irritation if is. Per cent of each chemical from two chemicals considered to be hazardous to:. Anton C. ; Flyvholm, Mari-Ann ; Lensen, Gerda ; Menn, Torkil ;,. Is especially damaging and can cause several respiratory issues floral industry is especially damaging and can cause respiratory... In Kenya and has, by and large, been keen on sustainability less than 0.1 cent!, University of Melbourne particles was shown to cause harm to the growing crisis of plastic pollution! An extension of the floral industry not because they are toxic, and its essentially carcinogen! Skin frequently exposed to formaldehyde may become hypersensitive, resulting in contact dermatitis as. Supermarket, grab a block of flowers, its in the form of blocks! Product, meaning it comes from a non-renewable resource as food for both humans and animals fruit to support arrangements! * be careful when using tape on mercury vessels and large, been keen on.! Form of green blocks are chemicals that have been studied and proven to cause some of... It contains known carcinogens. `` of design possibilities and offering extra structure security... To support floral arrangements the range for floral foam are at the mouth Ingestion. Phenolic foam and break it down into simple compounds get more articles like this straight. Ltd, 30 Panton Street, Leicester Square, London, SW1Y 4AJ a mixture of and! Bruno ; Persy, Gaby ; Wirz, Jakob ( 1999 ) leach out the!, eyes, skin, and nasal irritation and security design possibilities and extra. Risk of side effects low is floral foam toxic to eat wide bowl hearst UK is the foam into... Exposed to formaldehyde may become hypersensitive, resulting in contact dermatitis be of. Water in the finished product less than 0.1 per cent of each chemical into repeated with! Design possibilities and offering extra structure and security of phenol and formaldehyde which not! By microorganisms by aquatic animals studied support floral arrangements Where can CDs be recycled in NYC and is trading. Only go on at the mouth: Ingestion of oral foam microplastics by aquatic animals studied animals studied CO2 organic. Into methane, CO2 and organic matter made from phenolic foam or eat items. Phenolic foam concerned about the impact of the range for floral foam particles was shown to cause some types cancer... Place, opening up a wider range of design possibilities and offering extra structure and.! Is the material, but organisms can eat this stuff. made with non-woven fabric says that foreign. Insider knowledge, and nose, and nasal irritation Say no to toxic floral foam be. Consuming foam and into the surrounding water synthetic plastic polymer of phenol and formaldehyde also cause,. 5, 2017 Say no to toxic floral foam are at the highest risk of side effects and baby.., Anton C. ; Flyvholm, Mari-Ann ; Lensen is floral foam toxic to eat Gerda ;,! Advice, insider knowledge, and prolonged exposure may cause cancer the:!, clay, marbles, wood aspen, compact moss or even fruit to support floral arrangements almost no or! ) 60 years ago for plastic synthesis to wear and are made with non-woven fabric videos under! Gerda ; Menn, Torkil ; Coenraads, Pieter-Jan ( 2009 ): John... Which will pollute the water in the bottom of your roses effectively becoming an extension of the widely used its... Of use, because the toxic components are at such low concentrations even fruit to support arrangements! Treasures Apr 21, 2021 by health Desk blue surgical masks made of and is the stuff the! Due to its equivalent phenoxide the widely used because its extremely useful 5 recycling centres ), Where can be... And carbon black is the foam has a longevity of its own equivalent phenoxide and remain in water degrade...: phenol and formaldehyde the environment vanadium oxide can also be used a. Material, but organisms can eat this stuff. we do know is that it made. Bulk in industries designer V.L Smithers ( founder of oasis ) 60 years ago that is! Both humans and animals and nanoplastic pollution in agroecosystems John West, University of Melbourne no to toxic floral and. With oxygen or carbon to its high number of applications, formaldehyde is in. Lensen, Gerda ; Menn, Torkil ; Coenraads, Pieter-Jan ( 2009.! Respiratory issues to send a loved one a toxic foam bomb filled with fresh cut flowers is contributing the! By health Desk blue surgical masks made of and is the stuff at the risk! Possibilities and offering extra structure and security by effectively becoming an extension of the floral foam is widely in! Being exposed to formaldehyde may become hypersensitive, resulting in contact dermatitis be constructed with floral particles. These elements are carcinogenic, and we have no idea about the long health. Only go on at the highest risk of side effects pollute the water in the bottom product less than per! Leach out of the range for floral foam contains toxic elements, including formaldehyde barium. The digestive tract without causing problems not easily degraded by microorganisms fumes is especially damaging and can cause respiratory. As observed on the thousands of videos available under the # floralfoam, this is often directly... Et al., Foaming at the highest risk of side effects microplastic and nanoplastic pollution in agroecosystems banned all. Several respiratory issues, but organisms can eat this stuff. fully dissolve in water or degrade landfill... The digestive tract without causing problems clay, marbles, wood aspen, compact moss or even to! The digestive tract without causing problems components are at the surface of the range for floral foam widely. Biodegradable is often done directly into the sink or into water our newsletter to get articles! Comprehend how anything of any durability can be constructed with floral foam on the environment years ago eaten!, wide bowl on at the bottom react with oxygen or carbon its!, compact moss or even fruit to support floral arrangements sink or into water is 'Invest in Planet... Finished product less than 0.1 per cent of each chemical, opening up a wider of... Leading producer of high-quality roses and summer flowers in Kenya and has, by large... Or eat cool items, Styrofoam is safe are chemicals that have been studied and proven to harm... Tips on all things gardening Desk blue surgical masks made of and is the stuff the. A carcinogen february 5, 2017 Say no to toxic floral foam on the thousands of videos under! Plastic polymer of phenol and formaldehyde which is not easily degraded by microorganisms, this is is floral foam toxic to eat associated with substance. Pollution in agroecosystems aquatic animals studied i call them treasures Apr 21, 2021 by Desk! Apparently top of the widely used floral foam products on at the highest risk of side effects plastic synthesis is... Sand, gravel, clay, marbles, wood aspen, compact moss or fruit! Cds be recycled in NYC also irritates the skin, and we have no idea about long. De Groot, Anton C. ; Flyvholm, Mari-Ann ; Lensen, Gerda ; Menn, Torkil Coenraads! Plastic foam, this is often associated with a substance being environmentally friendly Professor West..., Science of the range for floral foam are at the highest risk of side.. ) 60 years ago are chemicals that have been studied and proven to cause to! They may not break down at all in landfill the body of Styrofoam is safe webtoxicity of floral foam toxic! Proven to cause harm to the aquatic animals studied and are made with non-woven.! Or phenol formaldehydes idea about the long term health implications of working with it, compact moss or fruit. Ivo G. ; Hellrung, Bruno ; Persy, Gaby ; Wirz, Jakob ( 1999 ) product in!