[265] In the final years of his life, Krupskaya provided governing figures with Lenin's Testament, a series of increasingly disparaging notes about Stalin. The Soviets invaded Finland in November 1939, yet despite numerical inferiority, the Finns kept the Red Army at bay. [849] They had two biological childrena son, Vasily, and a daughter, Svetlana, and adopted another son, Artyom Sergeev, in 1921. "[590] He personally took a keen interest in the development of the weapon. In later years he expressed pride in his humble origins and often . [176] Trotsky and other later Bolshevik opponents of Stalin used this as evidence that his role in the coup had been insignificant, although later historians reject this. [487], Going against the advice of Zhukov and other generals, Stalin emphasised attack over defence. "[846] They had a son, Yakov, who often frustrated and annoyed Stalin. "[546], With Germany defeated, Stalin switched focus to the war with Japan, transferring half a million troops to the Far East. "[887] Service stated that Stalin "had come closer to personal despotism than almost any monarch in history" by the late 1930s. [577] He demoted Molotov,[578] and increasingly favoured Beria and Malenkov for key positions. [399] During the later 1930s, Stalin placed "a few limits on the worship of his own greatness". [285] Although Zinoviev was concerned about Stalin's growing authority, he rallied behind him at the 13th Congress as a counterweight to Trotsky, who now led a party faction known as the Left Opposition. [7] His parents were Besarion Jughashvili and Ekaterine Geladze. [835] While head of the Soviet Union he remained in contact with many of his old friends in Georgia, sending them letters and gifts of money. [833] Stalin was sociable and enjoyed a joke. [892], A vast literature devoted to Stalin has been produced. [101] In November 1907, his wife died of typhus,[102] and he left his son with her family in Tiflis. [431] During these years, approximately 1.6million people were arrested,[432] 700,000 were shot, and an unknown number died under NKVD torture. [243] Stalin opposed the idea of separate Georgian, Armenian, and Azeri autonomous republics, arguing that these would likely oppress ethnic minorities within their respective territories; instead he called for a Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. [626] The U.S. went to the UN Security Councilwhich the Soviets were boycotting over its refusal to recognise Mao's governmentand secured international military support for the South Koreans. [500] He also permitted a wider range of cultural expression, notably permitting formerly suppressed writers and artists like Anna Akhmatova and Dmitri Shostakovich to disperse their work more widely. Joseph Stalin Russia- what were conditions before took power. Stalin is too crude, and this defect which is entirely acceptable in our milieu and in relationships among us as communists, becomes unacceptable in the position of General Secretary. 1. [600], In 1948, Stalin edited and rewrote sections of Falsifiers of History, published as a series of Pravda articles in February 1948 and then in book form. [194] In November 1917, he signed the Decree on Nationality, according ethnic and national minorities living in Russia the right of secession and self-determination. [346] His speeches and articles reflected his utopian vision of the Soviet Union rising to unparalleled heights of human development, creating a "new Soviet person". [436] Party functionaries readily carried out their commands and sought to ingratiate themselves with Stalin to avoid becoming the victim of the purge. 6 December]1878[1] 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and political theorist who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. [227] On 26 May, Stalin was moved to Ukraine, on the Southwest Front. Leon Trotsky was a significant figure in Marxist theory and politics and a crucial figure in the Russian Revolution. [486] The German advance on Moscow was halted after two months of battle in increasingly harsh weather conditions. [543] Stalin had wanted Hitler captured alive; he had his remains brought to Moscow to prevent them becoming a relic for Nazi sympathisers. [345] To promote intensification of labour, a series of medals and awards as well as the Stakhanovite movement were introduced. [645], From 1946 until his death, Stalin only gave three public speeches, two of which lasted only a few minutes. [537] Roosevelt and Churchill conceded to Stalin's demand that Germany pay the Soviet Union 20billion dollars in reparations, and that his country be permitted to annex Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands in exchange for entering the war against Japan. [666] The Chinese government instituted a period of official mourning for Stalin's death. Granat, 1929, such pseudonyms are given for only two persons other than Lenin and Stalin: B. M. Knun'iants (Radin) and M. A. Lur'e (Larin). [526] There, Stalin and Roosevelt got on well, with both desiring the post-war dismantling of the British Empire. [136] The article was published under the pseudonym "K. Stalin",[139] a name he had used since 1912. See answer (1) Best Answer. [647] [703] After Lenin's death, Stalin relied heavily on Lenin's writingsfar more so than those of Marx and Engelsto guide him in the affairs of state. [203], After the Bolsheviks seized power, both right and left-wing armies rallied against them, generating the Russian Civil War. [31] As he grew older, Stalin lost interest in priestly studies, his grades dropped,[32] and he was repeatedly confined to a cell for his rebellious behaviour. Churchill was concerned that this was the case and unsuccessfully tried to convince the U.S. that the Western Allies should pursue the same goal. And perhaps, Stalin considered them deserved, but received an incommensurably high price. [37] The pseudonym may also have been a tribute to his wealthy benefactor, Yakobi "Koba" Egnatashvili, who paid for his schooling at the Tiflis seminary. [583] Sparked by a drought and ensuing bad harvest in 1946, it was exacerbated by government policy towards food procurement, including the state's decision to build up stocks and export food internationally rather than distributing it to famine-hit areas. [259] Another disagreement came over the Georgian affair, with Lenin backing the Georgian Central Committee's desire for a Georgian Soviet Republic over Stalin's idea of a Transcaucasian one. [781] Despite his tough-talking attitude, he could be very charming;[782] when relaxed, he cracked jokes and mimicked others. [75] Stalin was in Baku in February when ethnic violence broke out between Armenians and Azeris; at least 2,000 were killed. The ransacking of churches and trials and executions of priests followed, notwithstanding demonstrations against such measures. What title was stalin given n 1922? [541] Although concealing his desires from the other Allied leaders, Stalin placed great emphasis on capturing Berlin first, believing that this would enable him to bring more of Europe under long-term Soviet control. 1. Lithuania Widely considered to be one of the 20th century's most significant figures, Stalin was the subject of a pervasive personality cult within the international MarxistLeninist movement, which revered him as a champion of the working class and socialism. [614] When the U.S. and UK remained opposed to this, Stalin sought to force their hand by blockading Berlin in June 1948. [218] The Polish-Soviet War ended on 18 March 1921, when a peace treaty was signed in Riga. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [872] Stalin's necessity for Soviet Union's economic development has been questioned, and it has been argued that Stalin's policies from 1928 onwards may have only been a limiting factor. Lenin's Testament. [925] A 2013 survey by Tbilisi State University found 45% of Georgians expressing "a positive attitude" to him. [625] The North Korean Army launched the Korean War by invading South Korea in June 1950, making swift gains and capturing Seoul. It was a one-party government system, and ruled through the Communist Party out of Moscow, the capital. [290], In late 1924, Stalin moved against Kamenev and Zinoviev, removing their supporters from key positions. He is called Joseph Stalin, also known as the man of steel. A 1940 poster by Nikolai Zhukov (Fig. [200] Lenin eventually convinced the other senior Bolsheviks of his viewpoint, resulting in signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918. [110] In June, he escaped the village and made it to Kotlas disguised as a woman and from there to Saint Petersburg. Lenin's Testament is a document dictated by Vladimir Lenin in late 1922 and early 1923. : an American History (Eric Foner) Psychology (David G. Myers; C. Nathan DeWall) . In short, Stalin's power over appointment is . [723] It has been argued that his ancestry was Ossetian, because his genetic haplotype (G2a-Z6653) is considered typical of the Ossetians, but he never acknowledged an Ossetian identity. A civil war resulted in the nation becoming a communist state named the soviet union led by Vladimir Lenin. [772], Stalin could play different roles to different audiences,[773] and was adept at deception, often deceiving others as to his true motives and aims. [477] Despite intelligence agencies repeatedly warning him of Germany's intentions, Stalin was taken by surprise. [415] After the murder, Stalin became increasingly concerned by the threat of assassination, improved his personal security, and rarely went out in public. [270] To bolster his image as a devoted Leninist, Stalin gave nine lectures at Sverdlov University on the "Foundations of Leninism", later published in book form. [606], Churchill observed that an "Iron Curtain" had been drawn across Europe, separating the east from the west. [836], Stalin was no womanizer. [48] By this point, the empire's secret police, the Okhrana, were aware of Stalin's activities in Tiflis' revolutionary milieu. [716] In his work, he stated that "the right of secession" should be offered to the ethnic-minorities of the Russian Empire, but that they should not be encouraged to take that option. Joseph Stalin Russian full name Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin (Georgian) Ioseb Dzhugashvili (born December 18 December 6, 1878 old-style Gori Georgia Russian Empire see researcher's note - died March 5, 1953 Moscow Russia USSR) General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Union (1922 . [534] The Gulag system of forced labour camps was expanded further. In the late 19th . [348] He warned of a "danger from the right", including in the Communist Party itself. [814] He also enjoyed practical jokes; for instance, he would place a tomato on the seat of Politburo members and wait for them to sit on it. [788] He was capable of self-righteous indignation,[789] and was resentful,[790] and vindictive,[791] holding on to grudges for many years. (Sergei Bobylev/TASS/Getty Images . It nevertheless clashed with established Bolshevik views that socialism could not be established in one country but could only be achieved globally through the process of world revolution. "[870] These deaths occurred as a result of collectivisation, famine, terror campaigns, disease, war and mortality rates in the Gulag. [843], Stalin married his first wife, Ekaterina Svanidze, in 1906. [378] It therefore emphasised the expansion of housing space and the production of consumer goods. [284] While Lenin had been ill Stalin had forged an anti-Trotsky alliance with Kamenev and Zinoviev. [552] At the conference, Stalin repeated previous promises to Churchill that he would refrain from a "Sovietization" of Eastern Europe. [445] The Terror damaged the Soviet Union's reputation abroad, particularly among sympathetic leftists. In a surprising act of filial piety, Svetlana swiftly married again, this time to one of Stalin's close associates, Yuri Zhdanov. [748], As leader of the Soviet Union, Stalin typically awoke around 11am,[749] with lunch being served between 3 and 5pm and dinner no earlier than 9pm;[750] he then worked late into the evening. [355] Conservative social policies were promoted to enhance social discipline and boost population growth; this included a focus on strong family units and motherhood, re-criminalisation of homosexuality, restrictions placed on abortion and divorce, and abolition of the Zhenotdel women's department. [863] One of them, Konstantin Kuzakov, later taught philosophy at the Leningrad Military Mechanical Institute, but never met Stalin. Continuation of the notes. [530] Discussing the fate of the Balkans, later in 1944 Churchill agreed to Stalin's suggestion that after the war, Bulgaria, Rumania, Hungary, and Yugoslavia would come under the Soviet sphere of influence while Greece would come under that of the West. 6 December]1878[4][h] and baptised on 29 December. [588] In April 1949, the Western powers established the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), an international military alliance of capitalist countries. [639] In September 1952, several Kremlin doctors were arrested for allegedly plotting to kill senior politicians in what came to be known as the Doctors' Plot; the majority of the accused were Jewish. [655] Stalin died on 5 March 1953. 2011-10-26 00:38:39. [517] Soviet military industrial output also had increased substantially from late 1941 to early 1943 after Stalin had moved factories well to the east of the front, safe from German invasion and aerial assault. [427], Repressions further intensified in December 1936 and remained at a high level until November 1938, a period known as the Great Purge. [459] A week later, Germany invaded Poland, sparking the UK and France to declare war on Germany. Caucasus as Stalin's 'henchman' or 'sidekick' seems dubious, given the number of times that the party leadership appears to have been taken by surprise by the former's actions. Lenin recommended that he be removed from the position of General Secretary in January 1923. [106] In early 1908, he travelled to the Swiss city of Geneva to meet with Lenin and the prominent Russian Marxist Georgi Plekhanov, although the latter exasperated him. What title did Stalin receive in 1922? [311] Stalin's government feared attack from Japan, France, the United Kingdom, Poland, and Romania. Many millions died as the result of Japanese war crimes during World War II under Prime Minister Hideki Tojo and Emperor Hirohito.. Many of Lenin's former lieutenants realized that Stalin was making himself a de-facto dictator. [706] He read about, and admired, two Tsars in particular: Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great. The main reason for this was to make life harder for Trotsky. [229] On 16 July, the Central Committee decided to take the war into Polish territory. After Stalin's death in 1953, he was eventually succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who subsequently denounced his rule and initiated the de-Stalinisation of Soviet society. [315], In early 1928 Stalin travelled to Novosibirsk, where he alleged that kulaks were hoarding their grain and ordered that the kulaks be arrested and their grain confiscated, with Stalin bringing much of the area's grain back to Moscow with him in February. [796] Like all Bolshevik leaders, Stalin believed that reading could help transform not just people's ideas and consciousness, but human nature itself. [378] Like its predecessor, this plan was repeatedly amended to meet changing situations; there was for instance an increasing emphasis placed on armament production after Adolf Hitler became German chancellor in 1933. [74] Georgia was particularly affected. [238], The Soviet government sought to bring neighbouring states under its domination; in February 1921 it invaded the Menshevik-governed Georgia,[239] while in April 1921, Stalin ordered the Red Army into Turkestan to reassert Russian state control. [412], Stalin often gave conflicting signals regarding state repression. [538] An agreement was also made that a post-war Polish government should be a coalition consisting of both communist and conservative elements. What was Eratosthenes's nickname? [233] Stalin felt humiliated and under-appreciated; on 17 August, he demanded demission from the military, which was granted on 1 September. He is also a full member of the Politburo. "[842] Stalin married twice and had several children. [172] In the early hours of 25 October, Stalin joined Lenin in a Central Committee meeting in the Smolny Institute, from where the Bolshevik coup the October Revolution was directed. [523] Stalin scarcely left Moscow throughout the war,[524] with Roosevelt and Churchill frustrated with his reluctance to travel to meet them. [688] He believed that the working classes would prove successful in this struggle and would establish a dictatorship of the proletariat,[689] regarding the Soviet Union as an example of such a state. There, Khrushchev denounced Stalin for both his mass repression and his personality cult. In 1938 Stalin often appears alone in the form of a photographic bust portrait, particularly in posters that promote the regional elections of the Soviet Union of that year 279 but, also, in a curious poster documenting in detail Stalin's arrests, exiles and escapes from exile between 1902 and 1917 (Fig. [485] By July, Germany's Luftwaffe was bombing Moscow,[484] and by October the Wehrmacht was amassing for a full assault on the capital. [819], Stalin publicly condemned anti-Semitism,[820] although he was repeatedly accused of it. [273], As General Secretary, Stalin had a free hand in making appointments to his own staff, implanting his loyalists throughout the party and administration. [361] He also expressed patronage for scientists whose research fitted within his preconceived interpretation of Marxism; for instance, he endorsed research of an agrobiologist Trofim Lysenko despite the fact that it was rejected by the majority of Lysenko's scientific peers as pseudo-scientific. [413] This mixed approach began to change in December 1934, after prominent party member Sergey Kirov was murdered. [457] Stalin saw this as an opportunity both for territorial expansion and temporary peace with Germany. [491] With Order No. [853] Stalin regarded Vasily as spoiled and often chastised his behaviour; as Stalin's son, Vasily nevertheless was swiftly promoted through the ranks of the Red Army and allowed a lavish lifestyle. The Russian Empire became a de facto republic, headed by a Provisional Government dominated by liberals. This attack proved unsuccessful. [452] Stalin initiated a military build-up, with the Red Army more than doubling between January 1939 and June 1941, although in its haste to expand many of its officers were poorly trained. 4. . [736] Throughout his life, he used various nicknames and pseudonyms, including "Koba", "Soselo", and "Ivanov",[737] adopting "Stalin" in 1912; it was based on the Russian word for "steel" and has often been translated as "Man of Steel". Stalin and a fellow senior Bolshevik Leon Trotsky both endorsed Lenin's plan of action, but it was initially opposed by Kamenev and other party members. Joseph Stalin started his career as a student radical, becoming an influential member and eventually the leader of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party.He served as the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death in 1953.. Joseph Stalin born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili began his political . We have fallen behind the advanced countries by fifty to a hundred years. [554] Germany was divided into four zones: Soviet, U.S., British, and French, with Berlin itselflocated within the Soviet areaalso subdivided thusly. [929][930] At the same time, there was a growth in pro-Stalinist literature in Russia, much relying upon the misrepresentation or fabrication of source material. [599] In September 1949 the Western powers transformed Western Germany into an independent Federal Republic of Germany; in response the Soviets formed East Germany into the German Democratic Republic in October. [649] There, he emphasised what he regarded as leadership qualities necessary in the future and highlighted the weaknesses of various potential successors, particularly Molotov and Mikoyan. These criticised Stalin's rude manners and excessive power, suggesting that Stalin should be removed from the position of general secretary. [154], While Stalin was in exile, Russia entered the First World War, and in October 1916 Stalin and other exiled Bolsheviks were conscripted into the Russian Army, leaving for Monastyrskoe. [624] North Korean leader Kim Il-sung visited Stalin in March 1949 and again in March 1950; he wanted to invade the south and although Stalin was initially reluctant to provide support, he eventually agreed by May 1950. [39] Stalin devoted himself to Marx's socio-political theory, Marxism,[40] which was then on the rise in Georgia, one of various forms of socialism opposed to the empire's governing tsarist authorities. [565] He ensured that returning Soviet prisoners of war went through "filtration" camps as they arrived in the Soviet Union, in which 2,775,700 were interrogated to determine if they were traitors. LDGeo5364 LDGeo5364 29.11.2018 History Secondary School answered What title was Stalin given in 1922? Stalin died a few months before the armistice was signed on July 27, 1953. Wiki User. Born into poverty in 1879 to an alcoholic cobbler father and washerwoman mother, Stalin . He was one of the most famous leaders of the Soviet Union and an important figure in the Communist Party. [362] The government's anti-religious campaign was re-intensified,[363] with increased funding given to the League of Militant Atheists. [508] In June 1942, the German Army began a major offensive in Southern Russia, threatening Stalingrad; Stalin ordered the Red Army to hold the city at all costs. February: The Soviet government replaces the CHEKA with a new security agency, . [192] He took Nadezhda Alliluyeva as his secretary[193] and at some point married her, although the wedding date is unknown. General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Stalin has retained popularity in Russia and Georgia as a victorious wartime leader who cemented the Soviet Union's status as a leading world power. [218] In November 1919, the government nonetheless awarded him the Order of the Red Banner for his wartime service. [341] New mines were opened, new cities like Magnitogorsk constructed, and work on the White Sea-Baltic Canal began. [661] His body was embalmed,[662] and then placed on display in Moscow's House of Unions for three days. [515] Germany attempted an encirclement attack at Kursk, which was successfully repulsed by the Soviets. [478] He formed a State Defense Committee, which he headed as Supreme Commander,[479] as well as a military Supreme Command (Stavka),[480] with Georgy Zhukov as its Chief of Staff. [906] Historian and archival researcher Stephen G. Wheatcroft and Michael Ellman attribute roughly 3million deaths to the Stalinist regime, including executions and deaths from criminal negligence. He played a significant role in the organisation of the October Revolution, led peace negotiations at Brest-Litovsk and as commissar for war, helped form and shape the Red Army.Often viewed as a likely successor to Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin, Trotsky was outmanoeuvred by . [888], McDermott nevertheless cautioned against "over-simplistic stereotypes"promoted in the fiction of writers like Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Vasily Grossman, and Anatoly Rybakovthat portrayed Stalin as an omnipotent and omnipresent tyrant who controlled every aspect of Soviet life through repression and totalitarianism. Attack at Kursk, which was successfully repulsed by the Soviets Armenians and Azeris ; at least 2,000 were.! Countries by fifty to a hundred years literature devoted to Stalin has been produced washerwoman mother, publicly. Jughashvili and Ekaterine Geladze on Germany 's government feared what title was stalin given in 1922 from Japan, France, the.. 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