In the following eleven centuries, the city had been besieged many times but was captured only once before: the Sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade in 1204. [30], The city had about 20km of walls (land walls: 5.5km; sea walls along the Golden Horn: 7km; sea walls along the Sea of Marmara: 7.5km), one of the strongest sets of fortified walls in existence. [20][pageneeded][21][22][23]. The Ottoman army had made several frontal assaults on the land wall of Constantinople, but they were costly failures. 4.9. Name Constantinople Dbq Historical Context: Fillable, Printable & Blank PDF Form for Free. Leonardo di Chio gave a number of 6,000 Greeks. The Christian reconquest of Constantinople remained a goal in Western Europe for many years after its fall to the Ottoman Empire. After conquering the city, Mehmed II made Constantinople the new Ottoman capital, replacing Adrianople. Nevertheless, just as deeply entrenched was the understanding that Byzantine control of Constantinople was a necessary bastion against Muslim control of land and sea in the eastern Mediterranean. Janissaries, led by Ulubatl Hasan, pressed forward. The Turkmen mercenaries managed to breach this section of walls and entered the city but they were just as quickly pushed back by the defenders. Until!about!1450,!Europe!was!mostly!cut!off!and!isolated!fromthe!SilkRoads.Withoutaccessto the!wealth,!trade!goods,!technologies,!and!ideas!that . On 2 June, the Sultan found the city largely deserted and half in ruins; churches had been desecrated and stripped, houses were no longer habitable, and stores and shops were emptied. [12] The vast majority of the citizens of Constantinople (30,000-50,000) were forced to become slaves. The rise and fall of Constantinople coincides with the rise and fall of the Theodosian Walls. [65], Ottomans used the Arabic transliteration of the city's name "Qosanniyye" () or "Kostantiniyye", as can be seen in numerous Ottoman documents. [112][113][114], For the fall of Constantinople, Marios Philippides and Walter Hanak list 15 eyewitness accounts (13 Christian and 2 Turkish) and 20 contemporary non-eyewitness accounts (13 Italian).[115]. Their fleet moved from Gallipoli to nearby Diplokionion, and the sultan himself set out to meet his army. The Fall of Constantinople on May 29, 1453 by the Ottoman Turks was a battle that changed the world history. [31]:92, To the left of the emperor, further south, were the commanders Cataneo, who led Genoese troops, and Theophilus Palaeologus, who guarded the Pegae Gate with Greek soldiers. Many modern scholars also agree that the exodus of Greeks to Italy as a result of this event marked the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance. In Rome, Thomas and his family received some monetary support from the Pope and other Western rulers as Byzantine emperor in exile, until 1503. Ended Russian-Ottoman war of 1877-8. Fall of Rome . Fall of Constantinople, (May 29, 1453), conquest of Constantinople by Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire. [31]:145[85] Soldiers fought over the possession of some of the spoils of war. Mehmed II had sent an advance guard to protect these key buildings.The Catalans that maintained their position on the section of the wall that the emperor had assigned them, had the honor of being the last troops to fall. For some of the oldest of you were sharers in many of the exploits carried through by themthose at least of you who are of maturer yearsand the younger of you have heard of these deeds from your fathers. Overview The Byzantine Empire was the eastern continuation of the Roman Empire after the Western Roman Empire's fall in the fifth century CE. The conquest of Constantinople and the fall of the Byzantine Empire was a watershed of the Late Middle Ages, marking the effective end of the last remains of the Roman Empire, a state which began in roughly 27 BC and had lasted nearly 1500 years. In the first excerpt, he is writing as the official historian for Justinian. Sultan Murad II laid siege to Constantinople in 1422, but he was forced to lift it in order to suppress a rebellion elsewhere in the empire. The wordplay emphasizes its strategic position: in Turkish boaz means both "strait" and "throat". [54] This train included Orban's enormous cannon, which was said to have been dragged from Edirne by a crew of 60 oxen and over 400 men. The city was captured on 29 May 1453[15][16] as part of the culmination of a 53-day siege which had begun on 6 April. In October 1452, Mehmed ordered Turakhan Beg to station a large garrison force in the Peloponnese to block Thomas and Demetrios (despotes in Southern Greece) from providing aid to their brother Constantine XI Palaiologos during the impending siege of Constantinople. Finally, the sea walls at the southern shore of the Golden Horn were defended by Venetian and Genoese sailors under Gabriele Trevisano. Mehmed ordered a third attack on the gate, this time with one of his own palace regiments of 3,000 Janissaries. Pihak terlibat. When combined with a large metal chain that had been drawn across the Golden Horn, Constantine was confident that the citys defenses could repel a naval assault and withstand Mehmeds land forces until relief came from Christian Europe. . History. The fall of Constantinople was a major turning point in history, as it marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and the beginning of the Ottoman Empire. Other potential claimants, such as the Republic of Venice and the Holy Roman Empire have disintegrated into history. The section of the land walls from the Pegae Gate to the Golden Gate (itself guarded by a Genoese called Manuel) was defended by the Venetian Filippo Contarini, while Demetrius Cantacuzenus had taken position on the southernmost part of the Theodosian wall. 6 April - 29 Mei 1453. Justinian built cities; he restored the Byzantine Empire to one faith, and he organized a uniform legal code. When Turkish flags were seen flying above the Kerkoporta, a small postern gate that was left open, panic ensued and the defence collapsed. [93][104], There are many legends in Greece surrounding the Fall of Constantinople. Women were raped, virgins deflowered and youths forced to take part in shameful obscenities. Lokasi. Thanks to its location on the Bosporus Strait, Constantinople became a major trading center. Byzantine DBQ Questions 8/21 DRAFT. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine. The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. The dwindling Byzantine Empire came to an end when the Ottomans breached Constantinople's ancient land wall after besieging the city for 55 days. The Ottoman galleys were too short to capture the tall European warships, and, with the help of the Golden Horn fleet, the warships safely sailed past the chain. the sultan mehmed built a fortress in the winter of 1451 that cut off constantine's shipment supplies. If they returned home, they would be treated according to their rank and religion, as if nothing had changed. Sources. First settled in the seventh century B.C., Constantinople developed into a thriving port thanks to . constantine ran out of money and became the capital due to the fall of rome. Volume 53. Byzantine Empire. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. This device was one of two that gave the Byzantines some hope of extending the siege until the possible arrival of foreign help. Updates? The union was agreed by the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1274, at the Second Council of Lyon, and indeed, some Palaiologoi emperors had since been received into the Latin Church. The imperial efforts to impose union were met with strong resistance in Constantinople. Michael Spilling, ed., Battles That Changed History: Key Battles That Decided the Fate of Nations ( London, Amber Books Ltd. 2010) p. 187. Our men shot at them with guns and crossbows, aiming at the Turk who was carrying away his dead countryman, and both of them would fall to the ground dead, and then there came other Turks and took them away, none fearing death, but being willing to let ten of themselves be killed rather than suffer the shame of leaving a single Turkish corpse by the walls. Sources hostile towards the Genoese (such as the Venetian Nicol Barbaro), however, report that Longo was only lightly wounded or not wounded at all, but, overwhelmed by fear, simulated the wound to abandon the battlefield, determining the fall of the city. [3][pageneeded][46][47][note 9], With Giustiniani's Genoese troops retreating into the city and towards the harbour, Constantine and his men, now left to their own devices, continued to hold their ground against the Janissaries. The Summons to Alexis 2. The The Byzantines knew him by the Latin spelling of his name, "John Justinian", named after the famous 6th century Byzantine emperor Justinian the Great. Corrections? Vast open fields constituted much of the land within the walls. Even France, once a fervent participant in the Crusades, became an ally of the Ottomans. This includes a four-slide PowerPoint on Justinian I and a DBQ on Justinian's . Ultimately, the attempted union between east and west failed, greatly annoying Pope Nicholas V and the hierarchy of the Roman church. Witnessing a Ghazi wildly hammering at the marble floor, he asked what he was doing. A rout of the defenders ensued, with many of the Venetian and Genoese fighters retreating to their ships in the Golden Horn. Upon hearing of his navys defeat, Mehmed stripped Baltaolu of his rank and arranged for his replacement. Edit. Hungary refused to assist, and, instead of sending men, Pope Nicholas V saw the precarious situation as an opportunity to push for the reunification of the Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches, a priority of the papacy since 1054. Mehmed planned to attack the Theodosian Walls, the intricate series of walls and ditches protecting Constantinople from an attack from the West and the only part of the city not surrounded by water. Constantinople itself became an Ottoman vassal during this period. According to Niccol Barbaro, "all through the day the Turks made a great slaughter of Christians through the city". The citys defenders continued to repair the walls at night and reinforced areas at the damaged Gate of St. Romanus and the Blachernae sector. [20]:373 But Mehmed's mild words were not matched by his actions. Bagian dari Perang Bizantium-Utsmaniyah dan Perang Utsmaniyah di Eropa. [24] The city was further depopulated by the general economic and territorial decline of the empire, and by 1453, it consisted of a series of walled villages separated by vast fields encircled by the fifth-century Theodosian Walls. He also began the construction of the Boazkesen (later called the Rumelihisar), a fortress at the narrowest point of the Bosporus, in order to restrict passage between the Black and Mediterranean seas. In contrast to the Byzantines, the Ottoman Turks had extended their control over virtually all of the Balkans and most of Anatolia, having conquered several Byzantine cities west of Constantinople in the latter half of the 14th century. In 330 A.D. a Roman emperor named Constantinople founded a city named Constantinople on the old Greek city of Byzantium. My friends and men of my empire! Pope Nicholas V called for an immediate counter-attack in the form of a crusade,[citation needed] however no European powers wished to participate, and the Pope resorted to sending a small fleet of 10 ships to defend the city. Before his death, Notaras supposedly said that Him who was crucified for us, died and arose and urged his horrified sons to reject the advances of Mehmed and not fear the outcome. [55], At the beginning of the siege, Mehmed sent out some of his best troops to reduce the remaining Byzantine strongholds outside the city of Constantinople. According to Makarios Melissenos: As soon as the Turks were inside the City, they began to seize and enslave every person who came their way; all those who tried to offer resistance were put to the sword. [note 4] At the onset of the siege, probably fewer than 50,000 people were living within the walls, including the refugees from the surrounding area. [47] According to David Nicolle, despite many odds, the idea that Constantinople was inevitably doomed is incorrect and the situation was not as one-sided as a simple glance at a map might suggest. coachallam. The younger son, renamed Mesih Pasha, became Admiral of the Ottoman fleet and Sancak Beg (Governor) of the Province of Gallipoli. Conquerors DBQ: Mongols and Ottomans Directions: Analyze the documents and answer the short-answer questions that follow in the space provided. Students will read about the sack of Constantinople and its effects on the Byzantine Empire at the hands of the Ottoman Empire and analyze it by answering 9 questions to get a first hand look at what happened in the city when it was razed . [71] According to historian Philip Mansel, widespread persecution of the city's civilian inhabitants took place, resulting in thousands of murders and rapes. The Byzantine Empire through Primary Sources DOCUMENT 4 Laws of Justinian (529-534CE) Besides the Hagia Sophia the other major accomplishment of the Roman's (of Byzantine Empire) during the reign of Justinian was the Corpus Juris Civilis (Justinian's Code).Which took centuries of built up Roman law and codified/standardized it for the empire. These were the three Genoese ships sent by the Pope, joined by a large Imperial transport ship which had been sent on a foraging mission to Sicily previous to the siege and was on its way back to Constantinople. 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